About A Censorship - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1575 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/31 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Censorship Essay Did you like this example? With more than 336 million monthly active users worldwide as of the first quarter of 2018, Twitter is one of the biggest social networks worldwide (statista 1). With that many user accounts on twitter, it goes to show how powerful social media platforms have become. Many times, when content is posted online, the words, ideas, music, images, etc. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "About A Censorship" essay for you Create order can be taken out of context and if enough attention is given to it, then it is censored. Content censorship occurs regularly and can range in form from pornogrophy to political views. There are many different types of censorship, such as: corporate, moral, political, and religious censorship, but have something in common is that they all get censored when something hateful has been said. That is called censorship of speech. In todayrs world, it is safe to say that majority of people get their news through one of the following social media platforms: Twitter, Facebook, Youtube and Instagram. With that being said, social media plays a big part into censorship because nothing spreads faster than something trending on social media, and if an unfavored content goes viral then it may be considered to be taken down/censored or they may get the account banned. Arguing for the protection of hate speech for example is difficult and sounds unpleasant. The internet and social media were des igned to be open platforms, where people can express ideas and acquire knowledge from others freely in a public forum. An open dialogue of speech an of ideas, however controversial, needs to happen, because conversations are our primary way of resolving conflicts and gaining new knowledge. When hearing the term hate speech, the most type of content that comes to mind is racism. So what is hate speech exactly? There is no clear agreeable definition of Hate speech as everyone hears things differently. According to Meriam-Webster, the legal definition of hate speech is: speech that is intended to insult, offend, or intimidate a person because of some trait (as race, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, or disability). One would think the definition is clear enough, but the definition is similar to the saying beauty is in the eye of the beholder, but instead it is more like hate speech is in the EAR of the beholder. Just as everyone observes what they see differently, they also perceive what they hear differently. In the U.S.A, there is the first amendment which is: the freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly and petition. The first amendment states, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise th ereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances (Constitutioncenter.org 1). The First Amendment does not protect individuals against private companies/organizations, such as private employers, private colleges, or private social media platforms. The First Amendment shackles only the government. The Supreme Court are the ones who interpret all the amendments and have stated that: talking, writing, radio-broadcasting, and using the Internet, are forms of speech. Although, free speech also applies to figurative expression such as: displaying swastica signs, and burning flags and crosses. The first amendment protects hate speech as long as it does not directly imminent violence. Speech, whether it be said on TV or tweeted online, can not be punished because of its hateful content. Arguing for the protection of hate speech for example is difficult and sounds unpleasant. Those that do argue for in favor of such positions, do not argue for hate speech, but rather for the right to Freedom of Speech in all platforms. No one argues for the protection of Freedom of speech than Nadine Strossen, a Professor of Constitutional Law at New York Law School and was the first women national President of the American Civil Liberties Union from 1991 through 2008. In her book Hate: Why we should resist it with Free Speech, not censorship, she strongly argues that censorship is not the answer to hate speech. In her book she quotes the cure is worse than the disease; the ?disease being hate speech and the ?cure being censorship. (insert personal idea here). Throughout her book, she provides many examples of what has been labeled hate speech including modern day themes such as the Black Lives Matter movement. She discusses the BLM movement and describes how people affiliate d with the movement have been targeted as perpetrators of hate speech against law enforcement and have therefore been blamed for countless murders of police officers that were argued to occur as a direct result of BLM rhetoric. In total contrast to the BLM movement, neo-nazis and white nationalist groups have been equally accused of their own hate speech directed at, usually, non-white minority groups and for whatever reason, ?The Jews. Both opposing sides see things differently and point the finger at each other seemingly unaware of their own hypocrisy. Although Nadine does not touch the subject on hate speech censorship on social media, it is important to recall how individuals are not protected by the first amendment from private social media platforms. (insert twitter censor policy).With that being said, it is still important to protect the principle. P4: (Talk about legal court cases that won and lost hate speech and their importance) The Skokie case is a well known classic free speech case that took place on March 20, 1977. Frank Collin, the leader of the National Socialist (Nazi) Party of America, informed Skokies police chief that they intended to march on the villages sidewalk on May 1. Skokie is the name of the village in Illinois. At that time its population consisted about 70,000 citizens, 40,000 of whom were Jewish. When news spread throughout the media, that the Nazis wanted to have a march in Skokie, there was an outrage. The villagers wanted to prohibit the march. This turned in the National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie. The village of skokie presented 3 reasons to the Illinois Supreme court; First, the display of the swastika promoted hatred against persons of Jewish faith or ancestry and that speech that promotes racial or religious hatred is unprotected by the First Amendment, second, the v illage argued that the purpose of the marches was to inflict emotional harm on the Jewish residents of Skokie and third, the village argued that if the Nazis were permitted to march there would be uncontrollable violence (Stone, Geoffrey R. 2). It is important to remember that we fight for the principle, which is freedom of speech. In contrast to the ?fight bad speech with more speech attitude of Nadine Strossen, many individuals such as, Barry Jason Mauer, an associate professor in the University of Central Florida Department of English, claim that hate speech is a form of anti-speech and therefore beyond the confines of dialogue. Others have said that they have felt physically threatened by hate speech and emotionally disturbed. Majority of the world has an account with Twitter, which one of the biggest social media platforms worldwide. Every second, on average, around 6,000 tweets are tweeted on Twitter (visualize them here), which corresponds to over 350,000 tweets sent per minute, 500 million tweets per day and around 200 billion tweets per year (internetlivestats.com). With so many tweets being written each each, it is no wonder why so many individuals have also experienced psychic trauma, and have felt silenced, because of hate speech content that has been posted online or heard through TV. In B arry Jason Mauer article, Censorship Is Not All Bad, published in the Huffington-Post, Mauer starts out his article with, Free-speech idealists argue that the solution to bad speech (misinformation, lies, abusive language, etc.) is not censorship but more speech. But bad speech can, and often does, drown out the good. Mayer states that fighting free speech with more speech is not the answer as their are misused forms of speech, to which, is true. These are all serious concerns, to which many individuals have suffered with first hand and have been exposed to hate speech that is and will not be punishable. Although we acknowledge those harms, loosening up the constraints on government to allow it to punish speech because of those less tangible, more speculative, more indirect harms † that censorial power will do more harm that good, precisely because the pendulum can swing. P6: (Include personal research) I wonder if other people feel the same about censorship. I ducted my own personal research to get a sense of how people feel about censorship right now. I created a poll on my Instagram account asking, should hate speech be censored? I had also asked a friend, who has a set of different followers, to post the same question to eliminate a bias result. In total, there were 82 people who voted; 34% voted yes (28) and 65% voted no (54). Although, I did receive a few comments following with their vote. All of the comments revolves around the same content, I am for censorship, but . I felt those who messaged me felt some kind of guilt for voting no on censoring hate speech and had to justify why they voted no. P7: (conclusion)Hate speech does not translate into actual high crimes against those who the hate speech is directed to. If censoring hate speech is taken away, then someoners right to freedom of speech is taken away. The(bring it back to your thesis and discuss why this is important to uphold)

The City Of God By John Milbank - 869 Words

After Augustine completed his literary piece known as the City of God, serious debate ensued regarding the correct interpretation of the concepts addressed in his writing. Augustine highlighted two realms, that of the earthly state known as the secular realm and the heavenly state known as the City of God. For instance, Etienne Gilson believed that Augustine was expressing the greatness of the earthly state while simultaneously explaining that the state bettered Christianity. Other philosophers such as Robert Markus interpreted Augustine’s writing as being supportive of the secular realm and claimed it to be independent from religion. Opposing both of these philosophers were James Schall and John Milbank. Their belief explained the political state to be sinful and evil. Analysis of all three positions ultimately revealed the ideas of Schall and Milbank to hold a deeper understanding of the truth than those of Markus and Gilson. In the City of God, Augustine repeatedly explaine d how the earthly state and the City of God were opposites which contradicted Etienne Gilson’s thoughts. He began by comparing and contrasting who the people of the earthly and heavenly states worshipped. People of the earthly state worshipped the Roman Empire’s gods while people of the heavenly state revered the one, true God. Here Augustine proclaimed, â€Å"For, so far as concerns themselves, their piety and probity, which are gifts of God, suffice to give them true felicity, enabling them to live wellShow MoreRelatedThe Church: An Analysis of The Rerum Novarum Publication1898 Words   |  8 Pagesthe encyclical one hundred years later, to analyse the development of policy in1891 and 1991 in terms of the church’s teaching, within the context of the wider social and political movements of the late twentieth century. I will determine that whilst John Paul II used the centenary in 1991 to publish Centesimus Annus and see it as a ‘re-wording’ of the original, it ultimately failed to take forward the radical change envisaged in Rerum Novarum, with limited exceptions. Firstly we need to analyse theRead More Art, Literature And Society From 1955-1970 Essay examples5829 Words   |  24 Pagesbeing that all suffering can be repressed. Although the only way to repress life’s suffering, aside from maintaining constant and intense meditation, was to return to the blissful void of death (Hipkiss, p.65). In the quot;113th Chorusquot; of Mexico City Blues is a perfect explanation of this blissful void. Since only two lines address life(quot;Got up and dressed up, and went out amp; got laidquot;), it is clear that Kerouac’s emphasis is on the hereafter. It is only after everything has endedRead MoreCorrectional Administration Reviewer18383 Words   |  74 Pagesshall not be imposed, nor be cruel and unusual punishment inflicted. ï  ½ ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF PENALTIES OR PUNISHMENTS Natural Law. This originated from God (natural law) to enforce the law that laid down in His infinite wisdom and power. He also prescribed the penalty or punishment. Banishment/ distierro. The first penalty or punishment prescribed by God to Adam and Eve when they disobey His order which made them as the first criminals. Retribution/ Personal vengeance/ Revenge. The most common ancientRead MoreThe Rise of China and Future of the West17670 Words   |  71 PagesLiberal System Survive? By G. John Ikenberry January/February 2008 Summary:   Chinas rise will inevitably bring the United States unipolar moment to an end. But that does not necessarily mean a violent power struggle or the overthrow of the Western system. The U.S.-led international order can remain dominant even while integrating a more powerful China -- but only if Washington sets about strengthening that liberal order now. G. JOHN IKENBERRY is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International

A Case Study on Cheat Sheet to Pregnancy Hormones

Question: Describe about the A Cheat Sheet to Pregnancy Hormones? Answer: Source of Hormone Hormone Functions Level during Pregnancy Placenta HCG or Human Chorionic Gonadotropin For maintenance of the corpus leteums progesterone secretion for promotion of endometrium and prevention of menstruation until placenta becomes mature enough to sustain indigenous progesterone. The level of HCG start increasing eight days post evolution and tend to peak around 60 to 80 days after conception Corpus Leutem till 10 weeks and then placenta Progesterone It enables relaxation of uterus muscles, enhance acceptance to foetus During the first 3 months, there is exponential increase in levels after which it plateaus Corpus Leutem initially and then placenta Estrogen It plays a critical role in the development of foetus by stimulating the production of hormones in the adrenal gland of the foetus and thereby enable its normal development During the first 3 months, there is exponential increase in levels after which it plateaus Hypothalamus Oxytocin Plays a crucial role in the simulation of contractions of uterus at the time of delivery along with simulation of milk production Exponential increase till week 10 after which it witnesses a decline Hypothalamus Prolactin It plays a crucial role in preparing the breast for lactation and subsequent milk releasing The level tends to increase during the pregnancy and reach a level nearly 10-20 times of normal levels Placenta Relaxin Plays a crucial role in delivering by allowing relaxation of uterine muscles and ligaments of pelvic bones The level tends to increase during the pregnancy and reaches a level nearly 10 times of normal levels The male reproductive hormones are summarised in the table below (Starr McMillan, 2014). Source of Hormone Hormone Functions Hypothalamus GnRH Stimulating the FSH and LH secretion Pituitary Gland FSH It leads to sperm maturation Pituitary Gland LH Stimulates the secretion of testosterone and production of androgen by testes Testes (Laydig Cells) Testosterone Responsible for stimulating sex drive Pituitary Gland Inhibin Feedback to slowdown the release of FSH and LH The female reproductive hormones are summarised in the table below (Starr McMillan, 2014). Source of Hormone Hormone Functions Hypothalamus Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Stimulating the FSH and LH secretion Pituatary Gland Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH It triggers the development of ovarian follicle and is responsible for controlling ovum production Pituatary Gland Leutenizing hormone(LH) Stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen and progesterone along with promotion of corpus leteum development Ovaries Oestrogen Responsible for maturation and release of ovum in every menstrual cycle Ovary (Corpus Leteum) Progesterone Preparation of the uterus lining for reception and development of fertilised ovum Reference Hochwald, L. nd, A Cheat Sheet to Pregnancy Hormones, Parents Website, Available online from https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/my-life/emotions/understanding-pregnancy-hormones/ (Accessed on November 28, 2015)Starr, C McMillan, B 2014, Human Biology, 10th edn, Cengage Learning, Belmonte

The Effects of Autotune on the Music Industry Essay Example

The Effects of Autotune on the Music Industry Essay Throughout the years, musicians and artists have used many different techniques in order to make themselves sound different and to sell records. Quite recently, many musicians and artists have been using a pitch correcting program called Autotune. One rapper/hip-hop artist, T-Pain, is mainly responsible for transforming the use of Autotune. Autotune was first invented in 1997 by Dr. Harold â€Å"Andy† Hildebrand. Dr. Hildebrand founded Antares Audio Technologies in 1990 after working as a research scientist for Exxon from 1976 until 1989, when he realized that the same technology he used to detect oil reserves in the sea floor could also be used to correct a singer’s unruly notes. After leaving Exxon, Hildebrand created a program called Infinity, which allowed musicians and producers to created endless loops of multiple instruments in samples. Due to the success Infinity had attained, the Dr. had decided to move on to his next task at hand. In 1997, Auto-Tune was released. Auto-Tune was a program designed to fix and correct pitch problems in not only singers, but other musicians who played instruments as well. The release of the program gained instant notoriety, as Auto-Tune became an instant phenomenon and grew to become the largest-selling plug-in of all time (www. antarestech. com). Auto-Tune is based on â€Å"phase vocoding technology†, which is an analysis-synthesis algorithm. The software detects the pitch of the voice of the singer or the instrument of the artist, analyzes the pitch along with the overtones and content, and then autocorrects the notes to the desired/correct pitch (www. ow-to-guide. net). In the years following the development and release of Auto-Tune, there wasn’t much commercial use of the product. The first big hit to feature the use of Auto-Tune was Cher’s â€Å"Believe† in 1998 (Blame Cher). Since then, many prominent artists have featured the use of Auto-Tune, such as Kanye West, Lady GaGa, Ke$ha , and of course, T-Pain. About ten years before the release of Auto-Tune, a young boy by the name of Faheem Rasheed Najm was born in Tallahassee, Florida. This young boy would later grow up to become better known as his stage name, T-Pain. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Autotune on the Music Industry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Autotune on the Music Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Autotune on the Music Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the winter of 2005, T-Pain released his debut album â€Å"Rappa Ternt Sanga† and it debuted at #40 on the Billboard 200, dropping some, and then eventually climbing up to #33 over the next few weeks. Since then, T-Pain has released a total of 3 full length albums and has produced many hits for himself, as well as producing many hits for other rappers and artists. He has been nominated for many awards, and has won 13 (www. t-pain. net). In September of 2009, Smule introduced and released the â€Å"I am T-Pain† application in the app store for download on all iPhones. The application allows its user to simply talk into the microphone and record messages, notes, or even record songs over pre-recorded beats and then Auto-Tune your voice and send your messages to friends (www. iamtpain. smule. com). After Cher’s â€Å"Believe† in 1998, Auto-Tune went out of fashion and no artists were using it. In 2003, back when T-Pain was a little-known artist, he was recording a song in the studio when he put Auto-Tune on his voice. In an article from Time. com, T-Pain said that â€Å"It just worked for my voice†¦ And there wasn’t anyone else doing it. Years have passed since T-Pain’s first experiments with Auto-Tune, and much has changed since then. Since T-Pain’s â€Å"Rappa Ternt Sanga† debuted in 2005, he has had 12 singles in the top 10, dozens on award nominations, and serves as the inspiration behind much of the music of many artists we listen to and love today. While Kanye West was recording his hit album â⠂¬Ëœ808s and Heartbreak’ Kanye flew T-Pain to Hawaii to find out ways that Auto-Tune could be tweaked and manipulated to find new ways of singing. P Diddy offered T-Pain a percentage of the profits off of his next album if T-Pain would give him lessons on how to use Auto-Tune. T-Pain also says of Auto-Tune that â€Å"†¦You can use it to change the mood of a record†. This is most prominent in Kanye West’s â€Å"808s and Heartbreak†, in which he uses the same Auto-Tune effect that T-Pain uses on his hit single â€Å"Chopped N Skrewed† to produce a ghost-like and cold aura that branded the album as one of the year’s best (www. time. com). Although T-Pain started Auto-Tuning his voice because nobody else was doing it and he wanted to sound different, nowadays it seems that just about everybody sounds the same. â€Å"It used to make me sound different†¦ Now I sound like everybody else again† said T-Pain (The New Tune). In response to the sudden explosion of artists that are using Auto-Tune, T-Pain said that people need to start paying him respect – and paying him literally – for their use of Auto-Tune. T-Pain said that other artists are ruining the use of Auto-Tune and that it’s basically over for them unless they start to pay up (www. mtv. com). While many people may criticize and ridicule the use of Auto-Tune and talk about how it is â€Å"ruining† the music industry by leading people to believe that recording artists are pitch-perfect, there is one thing that nobody can deny; it sells records. And there is nothing that musicians and artists want to do more than sell records. Auto-Tune was originally intended to help oil companies find out where oil reserves are save companies lots of money by not having to dig up the group looking for oil when they could find out just where the oil was. Over the course of time, that program evolved into one of the most prominent and recurring effects in the music industry. Although Auto-Tune has its benefits in the music industry, it also has its drawbacks as well. The British television show The X factor had a very controversial week in August when the producers of the show decided to Auto-Tune the voice of one of their contestants. Many people found this outrageous due to the fact that it was a singing competition and the voices of the people they would be paying to vote for were being altered (Blame Cher). This example directly relates to T-Pain because without T-Pain’s use of Auto-Tune, the effect would never have been so popular and would never have been featured on a hit television show. The use of Auto-Tune represents many phonographic effects. The development of Auto-Tune is a direct result of recordability. Without the ability to record music, Auto-Tune would have never been developed and music today would not be what it is. Also, Auto-Tune is a clearly a result of the phonographic effect of manipulability due to its ability to obviously manipulate the way that music sounds T-Pain drastically changed the use of Auto-Tune in pop-culture by paving the way for other artists and taking a pitch-correcting program and turning it into a trademark for himself to be remember by for years to come. Works Cited Antares History.   Antares Audio Technologies. Web. 26 Oct. 2010. . Gleeson, Sinead. LexisNexis ® Academic Library Solutions.   Business Solutions Software for Legal, Education and Government | LexisNexis. 25 Aug. 2010. Web. 26 Oct. 2010. . How Does Autotune Work.   How Does Autotune Work. Web. 26 Oct. 2010. . I Am T-Pain. Web. 26 Oct. 2010. . Reid, Shaheem. T-Pain Says Its Time For Everybody Else To Stop Using Auto-Tune Music, Celebrity, Artist News | MTV.   New Music Videos, Reality TV Shows, Celebrity News, Top Stories | MTV. 9 Nov. 2008. Web. 26 Oct. 2010. . Reid, Shaheem. T-Pain Says Its Time.   New Music Videos, Reality TV Shows, Celebrity News, Top Stories | MTV. 19 Nov. 2008. Web. 26 Oct. 2010. . Soeder, John. LexisNexis ® Academic Library Solutions.   Business Solutions Software for Legal, Education and Government | LexisNexis. 30 Dec. 2008. Web. 26 Oct. 2010. . T-Pain Biography.   T-Pain Home | The Official T-Pain Site. Web. 26 Oct. 2010. . Tyrangiel, Josh. Auto-Tune: Why Pop Music Sounds Perfect TIME.   TIME. com. 5 Feb. 2009. Web. 26 Oct. 2010. .

The impacts of glass cockpits on pilot performance The WritePass Journal

The impacts of glass cockpits on pilot performance 1 Introduction The impacts of glass cockpits on pilot performance 1 Introduction3.Semi-structured Interviews4   Research Sample4.1 Rationale for selection criteria4.2 Administration of the Research4.3    Research Setting  5. Research Analysis6. Concluding PointsRelated 1 Introduction This study aims to assess the impacts of glass cockpits on pilot performance as perceived by respondents drawn from pilots currently flying these aircraft. The objective of this study include the identification of: i) pilots perceptions regarding the effect of glass cockpits on their performance; ii) the safety aspects derived from these perceptions; iii) the effect of pilot performance on aircraft safety; iv) the human factors affected by glass cockpits; v) the migration by airlines and manufacturers to glass cockpits; and vi) the human performance perspective of the advantages and disadvantages of the use of glass cockpits. Chapters one and two introduced existing literature and previous research undertaken in relation to the impact of glass cockpits on pilot performance with a particular focus on the aforementioned objectives. This methodology chapter explains each stage of the research, data collection and analysis undertaken in conducting the research. 2   Qualitative Research When undertaking research, there are two main research possibilities – quantitative and qualitative. Louis (1981) describes them as both excellent ways of tackling research effectively. He distinguishes between the two by naming quantitative as â€Å"inquiry from the outside† and qualitative as â€Å"inquiry from the inside†. By this, Louis is referring to the researchers involvement and immersion within the data collection – the â€Å"inside† approach involves the researcher more, often leaving a potential hazard of bias. Whereas the â€Å"outside† approach enables the researcher to isolate the phenomenon of bias because of the lack of feedback associated with quantitative research. Qualitative research is often used as â€Å"a form of systematic empirical inquiry into meaning† (Shank, 2002, p. 5) – it is useful for those wishing to complete research in a methodical, ordered and planned way. Authors (Bryman et al 1988; Punch, 1998; Maykut and Morehouse, 1994) all describe qualitative research as a valued method of collecting a bettered, in-depth range of data. However, with the advantage of enriched data comes the disadvantage of researcher bias. As qualitative research was chosen, the researcher had to identify and accept that certain areas of the data collection would be open to bias, either value or objective (Hussey and Hussey, 1997). Referring to Johnson (1994), â€Å"the selection of the research method is a crucial element in the planning of an investigation† (p.174). Johnson also suggests that using a variety of research methods is beneficial to gaining an adequate understanding of the objective results – as suggested in my research proposal. However, it became evident that my access to the great number of â€Å"glass-cockpit-flying pilots† needed to complete questionnaires successfully was limited. It was therefore decided that the best course of action was to select a qualitative approach, and to interview the pilots that met the selection criteria highlighted in the â€Å"Research Approach† section of this methodology. 3.Semi-structured Interviews Kumar (2011) defines an interview as â€Å"any person-to-person interaction, either face to face or otherwise, between two or more individuals with a specific purpose in mind†.   Reasons for employing an interview to collect data a numerous. Depending on the topic discussed, it is possible to obtain in-depth information by probing; an interviewer can often add to data collected not only by verbal means, but also by non-verbal reactions displayed by the interviewee; and, because the interviewer can alter the order / wordings of the questions, it is less likely that the interviewee can misunderstand the question. The author chose to utilise a semi-structured type interview as a hybrid of the two extremes – unstructured and structured – as this would give the best of both worlds. Although a structured interview would i) establish a good base for the interviewee to explain exactly what the author felt was needed,   ii) provide uniform information, in the form of the comparability of the data collected and iii) enable the interviewer to collect the data without having the necessary interview skills for an unstructured interview, this method was discarded as it was nearly impossible for the interviewer to probe new ideas formulated by the answers of the interviewee. For many of these reasons, also, the unstructured interview was, too, rejected. Referring to point iii), this existed as the main reason to not chose the unstructured type interview as this was the authors first attempt at an academic interview.   Thus a semi-structured, or hybrid data collection model was developed: an element of flexibility was permitted to enable interviewees to include relevant information pertinent to the topic in discussion (Patton, 1990; Bernard, 1988). In this respect, the researcher would include an interview guide – as found in a structured interview. However, this was, as said, a guide: the interviewer and the interviewee were able to establish and discuss any points that came up in conversation, some of which were new to the interviewer or perhaps the interviewee. A predominately qualitative research approach was used throughout this study. In this respect, interviews were used as the data collection tool through which the current pilot perceptions of glass cockpits were identified. This method was selected because: It allowed flexibility to follow unexpected ideas during research and explore processes effectively;   It gave sensitivity to contextual factors; Also, the ability to study symbolic dimensions and social meaning;   increased opportunities: o to develop empirically supported new ideas and theories; o for in-depth and longitudinal explorations of leadership phenomena; and o for more relevance and interest for practitioners. -Bryman et al, 1988 Although it is arguable that a questionnaire would have suited this type of study, there were certain concerns with finding the multiple pilots needed to complete the surveys – particularly given the   high   security status post September 11th. 4   Research Sample Consideration into finding the most applicable people for inclusion in this study was needed to ensure that the author chooses the candidates with the required information to achieve the objectives set for the study (Kumar, 2011). This strategy is useful to assess the pilot perceptions of glass-cockpits as, although much researcher has been conducted into glass cockpits, very little has been done into the perceptions of pilots regarding them. The population of this study consisted of 5 interviewees. Purposive sampling was used to identify the particular pilots needed for interview, the selection criteria included: Have flown a glass cockpit within the previous 6 months Have flown an analogue cockpits previously Willing to participate in the interview 4.1 Rationale for selection criteria Firstly, by defining â€Å"previous 6 months† as recent, then we are able to understand that the interviewee must have recent experience in order to acknowledge the disadvantages and advantages of glass cockpits as experienced by them – the longer it has been since the stimuli, the less effects the subject will retain in memory. The rationale for selecting the second criterion was simple: although this study is an exploritive study into glass cockpits, the interviewees must have experience with the older fashioned analogue type cockpits in order to have a valuable opinion regarding their own perceptions. The final criteria suggests that every pilots participation is critical to this study – since the research involved potentially lengthy interviews, every interviewee would need to be willing to take the time to discuss the topic at hand (Chaffee, 1995). Advantages of performing interviews with an acquaintance are well documented by authors. Roger (1988) implies that social norms constrain strangers from interacting in a natural way and Coates (1996) adds that   the presence of recording equipment, and peoples perceptions to it, is less obvious when dealing with a friend or group of friends – ultimately, by interviewing pilots whom   were personally known the the researcher, it is possible to allow the interviewee to become more relaxed and less inclined to shy away from sensitive questions. After designing an interview, but before putting it into practice, there was a chance to try out my interview on a potential subject. This pilot study was a opportunity to develop the interview so that, in future interviews, any problems would be ironed out and questions could be arranged in an order that would suit a naturally flowing conversation. Hundley (2001) suggests that performing multiple pilot studies is advantageous to the researcher, however, due to time constraints only one pilot interview could be undertaken before it was necessary to move onto the actual interviews. That pilot study changed the order of questions within the interview, as well as a few question wordings to make it more logical and easier for the interviewees to understand. 4.2 Administration of the Research When beginning the interview stage of the project, a way of recording the conversations was necessary    this came in the form of a Dictaphone. This made the process of analysing results much simpler than having to take notes and understand them later. Of course, the participants were given full authority on whether or not they wanted the interview recorded – obviously it was competently   explained to them that the interview was completely confidential via an interview confidentiality letter (appendix B). Where possible, the interviewees were given the questions via email (appendix C). The author decided to do this in the hopes that the interviewees would provide more concise and clearer answers. Arranging meetings with pilots was, at first thought, something of a given. However, the pilots whom the author thought were once suitable for interview declared that they had no prior, or very limited, experience with glass cockpits. It was up to me to find suitable alternatives. Luckily, the pilots who had no experience were able to refer me to their friends and colleagues who did have experience with glass cockpits –   the author was able to arrange contact with them via email and telephone. Bennett (1994) discusses the options to improve the chances of the potential interviewees responding to my emails and calls. He states that, by explaining the following points, the interviewee will be more inclined to respond accordingly: Imparting the conviction that the investigation is a worthwhile piece of work and the investigator a competent person to carry it out; Explaining why the investigation seeks the co-operation of the persons or institutions being approached; Indicating the use to be made of the eventual research material.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bennett (1994, p.174) 4.3    Research Setting Interviews were planned to take place face to face, at a place convenient to both the interviewer and the interviewee. A suitable quiet environment was to be used, in most cases this was arranged in advance – but some were very short notice so the choice of location was somewhat improvised. This is for the interviews that had taken place in person, but as discussed earlier email interviews had been arranged. Due to the nature of   email, there was no way of enforcing the setting – so it was left up to the interviewee to chose a suitable place to respond. I was the interviewer in all bar the two email interviews, it was therefore my duty to maintain the correct track throughout as well as to ensure the interviewees were giving suitable responses to questions. Two of my potential interviewees had requested, due to time-zone differences, that they complete the interview via email – I was more than obliged to do so, so the interviews were sent to them along with appendix B (interview confidentiality letter). Unfortunately, there was no possible way of administrating the email respondents – other than reading through their answers and responding to them with any queries. Each face to face interview lasted between 10 and 20 minutes and were conducted between February and March 2011. The email interviews were between 1000 and 1500 word long and were sent out during the beginning days of March for a expectant reply by the end of March. Other than the emails, no names were used during the interviews – this left the researcher an option to code the names for the data analysis: Email interview 1, Interview 1 etc It was essential for the researcher to transcribe the interviews as soon as practicably possible as too not forget any non-verbal communications made, as discussed earlier. It is also for this reason that the researcher did not complete any more than one interview per day, or per transcribe. i.e. the researcher would only move onto another interview when the previous one was transcribed completely.  Ã‚   To avoid recall error as defined by Kumar (2011): â€Å"error that can be introduced in a response because of a respondents inability to recall correctly its various aspects when replying† when possible, and if time permitted, interviewees were given the opportunity to examine the interview transcripts for conformation and approval.   5. Research Analysis Kumars(2011) four step research analysis was adopted to efficiently summarise and analyse the data collected. The steps were identification of the main themes; assignment of codes for the main themes; responses to the main themes and; integration of themes and responses into the text. The first step involved carefully reading through the interviews collected by each interviewee, understanding the meaning that they communicate (the use of language to express themselves) and categorising the discovered broad themes. The second step uses coding to identify the amount of times, or how frequently, a certain phrase or wording has occurred and pursuing the more specific themes from these. Step 3 analyses the interview scripts collected and assigns certain responses and phrases under the themes chosen in step 2. Finally, the fourth step uses the responses that fall within different themes collected in step 3 and integrates them into the text of the dissertation. Blaxter et al (2006) suggested that most research could be affected by opinions, beliefs   and motivations of those involved – it was essential for the undergoing researcher to remember this throughout this study because it had the possibility to bias results by means of altering the questions asked to accommodate preconceptions known by the researcher. 6. Concluding Points To summarise, this chapter has covered the beneficial aspects and disadvantages of qualitative research, semi-structured interviews and data analysis; how purposive sampling was engaged as a way of implementing assurance that interviewees could offer their perceptions of glass cockpits; and   the various limitations imposed onto the researcher, interviewees and ultimately, the study itself.

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City Sustainability - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that environmental conservation is the key to a successful life. Effective environmental management leads to a sustainable future. The biophysical environment experiences degradation due to population pressure and change in technology. Conserving the environment is the responsibility of every individual in the society. Environmental conservation encompasses education, legislation, and ethics. In most cases, these factors play an important role in influencing personal-level environment, national-level environmental decisions, and behaviors. Environmental conservation emphasizes on waste management strategies, recycling of used materials, and avoiding pollution. Sustainability has been a controversial and challenging issue to the government and the society. Despite the measures taken to conserve the environment, cases of environmental pollution and degradation still exist in the society. Rapid population growth has posed a major challenge in the conservation of the environment. Urban centers have been the main sites of rapid population growth thus facing problems in conserving the places. Cities as industrial areas depict most cases of pollution whether air pollution, water pollution, or even land pollution. Strategies have been each passing day innovated and invented to reduce cases of environmental pollution. The city authorities have been given a hard task of managing the ever-growing city areas.... Overcrowding in cities leads to water shortages, air pollution, land pollution, and mismanagement of the available natural resources. This leads to epidemic diseases that turn out to be the government’s responsibility. As the major places for income sources, it becomes hard for the government to control immigration of people to the city centers. Different people have different perceptions of life and thus different views on environmental conservation. Some people view environmental conservation as burden given unto them rather than an added advantage on their health and safety (Hyyppa, 2010:139). Environmental conservation has led to a decline in the country’s economy as the government tries to reduces cases of environmental pollution and enhance sustainability. FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE METHODS USED BY CITIES TO ADOPT SUSTAINABILITY Invention and innovation Through innovation and invention, the city council is able to improvise new machines that used in sustaining the city. Moreover, the technology used in a particular city determines the level of sustainability of the city. For efficient sustainability, the city ought to invent high technological machines that are environmental friendly rather than those that cause hazardous effects to the city. Responsibility Responsibility is a main factor of consideration when planning for environmental sustainability. In order to enhance a city’s sustainability, the residents should take it as responsibility. The sustainability of any city requires devotion and concern. Lack of consciousness in maintaining the city’s sustainability both for the present and future generation, it becomes hard and impossible to implement the measures required to make the city sustainable. Sustainability of