Summary Of Lizzy Bamford - 1548 Words

Lizzy Bamford Over seven billion people roam this planet searching. Looking for a purpose or a reason for why they are where they are. The actual probability of existing today is one in four hundred trillion. That s a miracle. So what is our purpose and why us? According to Market Wired about 53% of the human population considers themselves happy, so why is one of the most googled questions â€Å"how to be happy?†? All of this started to strike a chord with me so I decided to dig deeper and try and answer some of my own questions. So happiness is officially defined as feeling or showing pleasure or contentment. Sounds pretty straight forward I thought, but then I started to look at the big picture. In a day there are twenty four hours and I spend about 7 at school, two after school in the musical, 2 doing homework, 5 doing random but necessary things like driving or making food,6 sleeping and the last 2 I would bet I waste by daydreaming. But how happy am I? While I enjoy school and musical most of the time I wanted to see if I was really happy. To test this I would stop myself every hour and evaluate my emotions. I would quickly write down my emotions from most prominent to least (I used the well known movie Inside Out to help me a little.) Most of the time my list looked as follows: Joy Anxiety Sadness Anger Disgust Sometimes anger and sadness would switch places, but this was pretty normal. I obviously had hours where I was super stressed so anxiety dominated and the

A Brief Note On The Health Care System - 904 Words

Today’s healthcare environment is rapidly changing, and rightly so. Innovations are critical to cope with an aging population and an increased demand for services. Many patients have a variety of comorbid conditions that necessitate management by multiple physicians. Communication is a key element between a patient and all of their providers to managing these conditions, but fragmentation of care is still major weakness in the current health care system (Shannon, 2012). It is difficult for physicians to keep the patient and all other providers informed of conditions and treatment plan. This creates gaps in care that can result in diminished results. A patient portal can assist with giving patients access to their medical records and a communication platform with their providers. HealthIT (2015) defines a patient portal as â€Å"a secure online website that gives patients convenient 24-hour access to personal health information from anywhere with an Internet connection† (para. 1). A patient’s personal health information can include results from an appointment, prescriptions, allergies, test results and discharge instructions. Some portals even allow a patient to enter and track their own results such as weight and home glucose tests. These results can be taken to provider appointments and reviewed by the patient’s care team. In the current healthcare environment, patients are asked to play a larger role in the care they receive. This engagement not only helps the individualShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Health Care System1080 Words   |  5 Pages The U.S Health Care System is very complex industries that are filling with lots of challenges that will need to be fixing and restructure before comparing themselves with other develop countries. 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During the course of the student’s treatment (i.e. one academic year), he engaged in relationships with numero us counselors, clinicians, and physicians. Mostly, the treatment plan consisted of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy sessions. Upon completion of the study, the student reported that the work of the physician and behavioral health specialists

Bank Funding Structures and Evidence Risk - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Bank Funding Structures and Evidence Risk. Answer: Introduction: The financial crisis of 2007-2008 in the United States is often described as an example of faulty investment decisions by corporate world and household sector. The faulty investment decision resulted in inflation, huge financial losses and insolvency of several organisations. The downturn was so powerful that it impacted the whole economy of the United States and the world causing a serious lack of liquid capital. The liquidity of capital gripped the business organisations, even the big ones which created a shortage of liquid money thus reducing cpaitral flow between the household and the industrial sectors. The economic crisis was so dangerous that it forced big American banks Meryl Lynch, Lehman Brothers and AIG to file for bankruptcy. The crisis was related to lack of regulation of derivative markets and housing industry. According to experts the financial crisis of 2007-2008 was caused by lack of government and institutional control on the housing loan sector. The government of t he United States made law to help the middle class Americans get mortgage loans to build houses at high default rate. A large number of home buyers were willing to borrow money from the banks like Merill Lynch which led to the prices of the houses plummet. The people started taking debts to make houses but were unable to pay back. This led to a fall in the value of the financial securities and derivative market. It created a liquidity crisis for the big banks which were forced to close their operations. The federal government of the United States took over AIG to save it from bankruptcy. The financial crisis took the stock market into its clutches and the entire global securities and derivative market crashed. The led to liquidity shortage in the world which had far reaching consequences (Reinhart, 2013). The global financial crisis showed the world that operational, credit and systemic risks are interconnected and can lead to devastation of the world economy. The United States government created a high risk or subprime mortgage loan to enable the low and the middle class Americans to buy houses. The financial institutions bundled these asset products and sold them to the borrowers. These loans were often bundled with other financial and derivative instruments to attract maximum number of borrowers. Presence of high demand led to a high rise in the prices of houses which once again encouraged people to take more loans. The regulatory bodies in order to ensure the success of the loans easily approved loans through slack underwriting criteria. This led to improper examination of the borrowers credibility to pay back the loan which led to erosion of the value of the securities instruments. Money lent on loans and mortgages act as asset for the banks which generate huge interest income fo r them. The bankruptcy of the vast middle class population created took its toll on the earnings of the banks like Lehman Brothers with advanced risk management systems which appealed the Bank of America and Barclays to take it over (Mensah, 2015). The law of mortgage created by the federal government lacked foresight and left the institutes free to misuse the products to earn high rate of interest. The household sector borrowed without considering its limited financial resources to pay back loans and debts. The regulatory authorities and the approving departments of the banks approved the loans easily without assessing the financial background of the borrowers(Carroll Buchholtz, 2014). They did not examine whether the borrowers were capable of paying the debt back to the banks so that the banks could use it for further lending and earning of revenue in form of interest. It can be stated that the financial crunch of 2007-2008 was consequences of lack of efficiency on the side of th e governments, banks, estate companies and household sector to operate a new profitable law. This operational risk turned a law passed to boost money into the house sector into a reason behind a global financial crisis and credit risk (Helleiner, 2014). The global financial crises affected the banks more than any other body and submerged them into acute credit shortage and risks. The historical incidence showed that the regulatory framework and legal systems in the country have important roles to play in the capacity of banks to take credit risks and lend towards the development of the economic sector. The crisis led to more government regulation and formation of laws to help backs create capital buffers to handle financial and credit risks. The incidence showed that the banks need to work under the Basel III standard to be able to avoid any such crash in the future (Vazquez Federico, 2015). As pointed out that failure of the household sector to repay loans eroded the value of the derivative instruments. The banks which lent money to the middle class to buy houses lost huge revenue because their capital was locked in the mortgage. This gave rise to liquidity risks and affected the credit giving capacity of the banks or credit risk(Correa, Goldberg Rice, 2014). The banks of America also relaxed their credit assessment in order to compete with the European banks like Barclays and Royal bank of Scotland. These American banks lowered the risk assessment parameters of their securities and derivative instruments which ultimately led to the unsecured borrowing done only to earn short term revenue. The banks like Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch were sold to at very low prices. AIG was taken over by the government at $85 billion in order to save it from bankruptcy (Diebold Y?lmaz, 2014). Banks are borrowers of money in terms of current accounts and lend money in forms of loans against securities and derivative instruments. The banks make money flow in the global economy and ensure liquidity of funds for production processes in the whole world. The multinational banks are supposed to have more credit giving power than smaller banks. The multinational banks are believed to be at better positions to handle financial crises and follow Basel standards (Kapan Minoiu, 2016). The financial crises led to the fall of big banks which created credit risk and liquidity crunch in the global economy. The derivative market crashed all round the world and the deficiency of available credit enveloped the whole world. The credit risk affected the global economy and created systemic risk which engulfed all the industries creating acute market downfall (Bekaert et al., 2014). Financial derivates products are contracts whose value are dependent on underlying assets like bonds, shares and so on. The mortgages were initially backed by securities which apparently shielded the banks against the risk of losing their credit. The regulatory and approval authorities slackened risk assessment before lending the money which made the loans easily available to the borrowers (Claessens Ratnovski, 2015). The borrowers borrowed huge sum of money against unjustifiable derivate instruments but were not able to pay the loans back. This eroded the value of the securities and caused the share market to crash. Thus, the derivates were acting as securities to guarantee the credibility of the borrowers and the credit giving risks of the banks. They lost their value and risk aversion power due to lack of regulation and assessment from the governments and the lending banks. The derivative market plays a very important role in risk management in the investment function through hed ging and other instruments. Thus failure of the derivative market to hedge risks led to global economic crash (Rajan Zingales, 2015). Financial engineering can help the organisations take risk management decisions and take advantage of the market by choosing between collaterals, swaps and so on. Modern financial engineering can help companies to study the risk and hedge their financial resources to diversify the risk over a large number of financial assets. This helps the companies to derive maximum profit from the portfolio and bring about capital maximisation of the shareholders (Jarrow Chatterjea, 2013). Governance and non-regulatory compliance in risk models or framework help organizations to manage risks and meet their business goals. The stakeholders like the management, employees, governments, financial institutions, customers and supply chains are impacted by the activities of organisations. These stakeholders actually represent the macro economic factors which direct the business strategies of the organisations (Acharya et al., 2013). Financial institutions like banks, especially the multinational banks serve a huge consumer base and enable flow of money between economies. They maintain liquidity of money so that the industrial sector can raise funds to carry on their productions and generate further revenue. The government makes laws and policies which direct lending and borrowing operations of the banks. The apex financial institutions like the Federal Reserve System in the United States of America makes laws and rules which govern the banks and their functions. The laws also have provisions the banks resort to deal with financial crisis (Grubel, 2014). The global financial crisis pointed out that the regulation from government is essential for the banks to manage their market risks and carry on their business. It also showed that even multinational banks need to abide by corporate governance to avoid bankruptcy. The government of the United States created laws to enable the middle class Americans take loans to build houses. The law triggered the banks to lend mortgages against securities having high rate of interests. The regulatory authorities slacked the credit availing requirements to ensure maximum availing of loans. The household sector or the customers availed the loans but were not able to repay them because they were insolvent themselves. The bank authorities or managements relaxed the eligibility criteria and underwriting rules to ensure maximum loan market penetration and revenue. It can be pointed out that the government, customers, manageme nt and employees are all parts of corporate governance. The interact with each other and impact the strategies of the organisations to ensure that its operations benefit them. The government did not create the strict borrowing policies to measure the credibility of the borrowers. The borrowers borrowed money from the banks and could return it back which eroded the liquidity of the banks. Thus, the lack of corporate governance from the side of these stakeholders resulted in erosion of liquidity and risk management. Thus, in other words corporate governance is essential to maintain economic stability and keep the financial crises away (Claessens Yurtoglu, 2013). Risk management models ensure that organisations are able to take and manage risks to earn more profit. The risk management and assessment is done by the top executives drawing strength from market information and organisational structures. The organisations like banks create their own business and risk management models. The management uses various methods to gain measure risk and ensure that the assessment is accurate and feasible. Governance risk management is the tool to examine the strategic strengths of organisations and to make sure that they take risks as per their capabilities. Risk management refers to procedures which the management uses to analyse the business risks and the power of the organisations to diversify them. Risk management frameworks of organisations decide their risk taking propensity and comply to all the legal policies and laws while taking those risks. Today the risk management framework of the organisations is backed by advanced technology and enterprise risk management (DeAngelo Stulz, 2015). The risk management and non-regulatory framework today consists of control of risk management of the organisations by the financial institutions and government bodies. The non regulatory framework tends to guide the risky investments of organisations in order to ensure that they are not hit by the risks. The financial crises in the United States show that the knowledge of the borrowers about their debt paying capability could have acted as a non regulatory check against the crisis. The risk assessment framework of the banks could have acted as non regulatory framework to ensure that the borrowers have the power to pay the debts. Both these non regulatory framework did not contribute towards ensure corporate governance of the banks which actually complemented the weak regulatory framework of the government. The failure of the two catapulted into an economic crash, erosion of global market capital and risk management by the economies (Elbahar, El-Masry Abdelfattah, 2016). The financial crisis made the governments and the corporate sector realise the need of governance, compliance and risk management. The organisations manage risks by entering into business relationship with firms specialised at taking risks. These risk vendors, as these firms are called adopt various models of solution for risk management like Integrated GRC Solution. Domain, Specific GRC Solutions and Point solution to GRC. These risk vendors model data warehouses designed according to the needs of the companies so that the management can take appropriate decision on risk management. The organisations today take help of data warehouses which provide them with large bodies of data to assess the business risks and make accurate strategies to manage risks (McNeil, Frey Embrechts, 2015). ISO 31000 is a component of the risk management standard framed by International Organisation of Standard. Today organisations function under complex environment which presents before lot of risks. Risk management help organisations manage risks and use their resources to use efficiently in managing risks. The risk management also includes risks the operations of organisations pose to the society and to the stakeholders. The organisation provides for risk management in various forms which can be applied in companies of varying sizes and scales of operations. ISO 31000:2009 provides directions in general for design, application and maintenance of risk management mechanisms by organisations. The ISO 31000:2009 provide a wide range of risk management mechanisms for the organisations which require enterprise risk management. The parameter covers all strategies, management or tasks of operation spanning all functions, processes and projects. The ISO 31000:009 encompass appointing stakeholders, risk management officers, compliance auditors within the companies and independent analysts (Curkovic, Scannell Wagner, 2013). The ISO 31000:2009 plays very important role to ensure organisations are able to manage risks in such ways to profit from them. This parameter allows the organisations to employ workforce to assess the risks, the consequences and benefits that can be likely derived by taking the risks. The organisations can analyse their own risk taking capability based on their financial strengths, supply chain, market penetration and so on (Riel et al., 2015). The next important role of ISO 31000:2009 then studies the risks and the associated benefits. If the risk management team finds that the risk would benefit the company in a great way like increasing the market position of the organisation or entering a new industry, it may help the company to increase the risk, if required in order to increase the benefit. The parameter also has provisions of removing risks or changing the likelihood of the risk. This helps the companies to avoid risks which are likely to result in huge financial losses or have dire consequences on the firm. The next important role played by ISO 31000:2009 also has provisions for sharing the risks with other companies or parties. They involve entering into contracts with firms and companies which have expertise in financing risky projects. They even have provisions for the management of the companies to retain the risky position if they consider those positions as a part of their business strategies (Dallas Director , 2013). The ISO 31000:2009 provides standard of risk management which can be followed by organisations irrespective of their sizes, locations, activity or sectors. The risk management parameters are even more applicable in todays world in order to maintain resilience in the global economy. The financial crisis of 2007-2008 which hit the United States showed how economic problem of one part of the world can create a chain of events capable of disrupting the entire global economy. The advancement of technology, intense global competition, emergence of new markets and so on have made the economies more interdependent. Today the emerging markets like China and India interact more than with the developed markets like North America and Europe. These countries are home to several multinational companies who have considerable business assets in other economies and worth billions of dollars. The less developed markets are dependent on these countries and companies for their very sustenance. These com panies cater to a global consumer base and generate revenue for the governments of their home as well as host countries (Baylis, Smith, Owens, 2013). Thus, a bankruptcy in any of these companies can create chain of events which can hit the entire global economies. The companies are increasing stressing on functioning in sustainable environment. A parameter like ISO 31000:2009 can help companies to assess and manage risks better which will help them to avert unprofitable risks. They can also save their material, human and financial resources which would have been employed to deal with the risk. Thus, such parameter can contribute making the global environment more favourable to investment by managing risks (Bremmer, 2014). Sustenance has emerged as a new way of operating in the global economy where companies work towards adopting environment friendly ways. The companies require to invest huge amount of money towards adopting sustainable technology which involves considerable risks. ISO 31000:2009 acts as parameters which help companies to assess the limit of risks to be taken to adopt sustainable means of operations. The companies are considered as social identities which should function in sustainable means to ensure conservation of environment. Thus, such parameters go a long way in applying sustainable ways by assessing the risk associated with them (Fletcher Bianchi, 2014). Risk management has emerged as a very large area spanning over all the economies. Risk management has become important due to interdependence between countries and companies. Globalisation and advanced technology have brought nations so close that a wrong risk assessment in one part and sector can affect the whole world. The financial crises show the need of government and institutional participation to ensure risk management and smooth function of all organisation even multinational banks. The governments, customers and all the other stakeholders need to examine the risks associated with investments before transforming them into action. It requires responsible corporate governance and conduct from all the stakeholders. The risk management parameters of ISO 31000:2009 help organisations to assess risks and avoid a recurrence of financial crisis 2007-2008. References: Acharya, V. V., Gottschalg, O. F., Hahn, M., Kehoe, C. (2013). Corporate governance and value creation: Evidence from private equity.Review of Financial Studies,26(2), 368-402. Baylis, J., Smith, S., Owens, P. (2013).The globalization of world politics: an introduction to international relations. Oxford University Press. Bekaert, G., Ehrmann, M., Fratzscher, M., Mehl, A. (2014). The global crisis and equity market contagion.The Journal of Finance,69(6), 2597-2649. Bremmer, I. (2014). The new rules of globalization.Harvard Business Review,92(1), 103-107. Carroll, A., Buchholtz, A. (2014).Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Claessens, S., Ratnovski, L. (2015). What is shadow banking?. Claessens, S., Yurtoglu, B. B. (2013). Corporate governance in emerging markets: A survey.Emerging markets review,15, 1-33. Correa, R., Goldberg, L. S., Rice, T. (2014).Liquidity risk and US bank lending at home and abroad(No. w20285). National Bureau of Economic Research. Curkovic, S., Scannell, T., Wagner, B. (2013). ISO 31000: 2009 Enterprise and Supply Chain Risk Management: A Longitudinal Study.American Journal of Industrial and Business Management,3(07), 614. Dallas, M., Director, A. P. M. (2013). Management of Risk: Guidance for Practitioners and the international standard on risk management, ISO 31000: 2009.The Stationary Office. DeAngelo, H., Stulz, R. M. (2015). Liquid-claim production, risk management, and bank capital structure: Why high leverage is optimal for banks.Journal of Financial Economics,116(2), 219-236. Diebold, F. X., Y?lmaz, K. (2014). On the network topology of variance decompositions: Measuring the connectedness of financial firms.Journal of Econometrics,182(1), 119-134. Elbahar, E., El-Masry, A. A., Abdelfattah, T. (2016). Corporate governance and risk management in GCC Banks. Fletcher, W. J., Bianchi, G. (2014). The FAOEAF toolbox: making the ecosystem approach accessible to all fisheries.Ocean Coastal Management,90, 20-26. Grubel, H. G. (2014). A theory of multinational banking.PSL Quarterly Review,30(123). Helleiner, E. (2014).The status quo crisis: Global financial governance after the 2008 meltdown. Oxford University Press. Jarrow, R. A., Chatterjea, A. (2013).An introduction to derivative securities, financial markets, and risk management. WW Norton Company. Kapan, T., Minoiu, C. (2016). Balance sheet strength and bank lending during the global financial crisis. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. (2015).Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Mensah, J. M. K. (2015). The failure of Lehman Brothers: causes, preventive measures and recommendations.Browser Download This Paper. Rajan, R. G., Zingales, L. (2015). The Economic Functions of Derivatives Markets.The Economics of Derivatives, 22. Reinhart, C. (2013). Goodbye inflation targeting, hello fear of floating? Latin America after the global financial crisis. Riel, A., Lelah, A., Mandil, G., Rio, M., Tichkiewitch, S., Zhang, F., Zwolinski, P. (2015). An Innovative Approach to Teaching Sustainable Design and Management.Procedia CIRP,36, 29-34. Vazquez, F., Federico, P. (2015). Bank funding structures and risk: Evidence from the global financial crisis.Journal of Banking Finance,61, 1-14.

Decision Making in Nursing Practice Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Decision Making in Nursing Practice. Answer: Introduction The nursing practice is considered to be one of the most important health sector practices in the society. This is why the communication skills will have to be proper and one of the major aspects will be the effective decision making. Effective decision making is indeed very important since the nurses may have to take sudden decisions in many cases. The focus of the nursing practice is on serving the human beings in their most critical conditions. The interpersonal communication is one of the most important aspects in the nursing practice. It is to mention that the decision making really has a big issue in the successful nursing practice. The decisions have to be made very suddenly as the conditions of the patients can turn out to be very much critical. It is indeed very important for the nurses to take the proper actions in certain cases (Lachman 2012). The purpose of this paper is to identify the sections where the nurses will have to problems. Then only they can find some solutions to these problems indeed. Uncertainty is one of the biggest risks in every scenario, especially if it is regarding the life of the human beings. Their sole purpose of the profession is to save the lives of the human beings from all angles. These are the very reasons why the nurses must be very much cautious about their works. They must always create an environment that should be constructive enough (Lachman 2012). They always have to remember that the critical situations do not come beforehand. They have to be prepared for all the consequences. They have to analyze the critical aspect of all the situations and take the proper action indeed. In this part three theories are going to be discussed. The three theories are information processing theory, social judgment theory and cognitive continuum theory. These three theories are very much important for the nursing practice. However, the cognitive continuum theory is very much important for the nursing practice because inter professional teamwork can b e increased through the implementation of this theory. The inter professional teamwork or collaboration is indeed very important in the nursing practice. Core principles of nursing practice There are some core principles or ethical things in the nursing practice. The nurses always have to maintain these ethical codes as their profession deals with the saving the lives of the human beings (Grove, Burns Gray 2012). In this scenario, they have to focus on their power of the decision making indeed. They have to maintain a good relationship with the patients, their families, colleagues, carers of the patients and all other persons (Morton et al. 2017). These are the reasons as to why the nurses will have to concentrate on all these things properly. At first it has to be mentioned which kind of people are included as the nursing staff. The nursing staff generally means the nurses, ward managers in the hospitals, specialist nurses, senior nurses, nursing interns and the student nurses (Grove, Burns Gray 2012). The community nurses are also the part of the nursing staff members. There are some core ethical principles that all the nurses have to keep in their minds as they tak e the oath of saving the lives of the patients in any situation. These principles are:- The nurses should treat everyone with the utmost care and humanity. They should keep their dignity at the first place when treating with the patients (Parahoo 2014). The nurses have to understand the basic needs of the patients and provide the care according to that only. They should treat the people equally with best efficiency they can provide. The nurses are liable for answering for all the judgments and actions they take. They might have to make some strict decisions as they are not aware of the critical facts can arise in what time (Parahoo 2014) If these decisions can affect the patients, they might be held responsible as guilty. This is why the nurses will have to take up the responsibility for their faults. The nurses and other nursing staff will have to work very closely with all the patients on the floor (Tylor 2012). They will need to build a strong team work between them indeed. They should have a strong positive influence on the patients and they should provide the patients with the utmost care indeed (Masters 2015). All the nurses and other nursing staffs have to be updated with the recent use of technologies and they have to update their skills as well. This will surely be important for the effective decision making process. The nurses will be able to take up the important decisions as per their knowledge and skills indeed. The nurses must possess a good understanding on the matters that arise during their work on the floor (Alligood 2013). They have to be sensitive and be able to take quick decisions indeed. They are the ones who should lead the other health sector employees by the proper example. They should influence the other staffs and motivate them to complete their works on time. These things are very much important indeed. The other staffs can feel motivated by the decision making power of the nurses (DeNisco Barker 2013). The decision making framework The decision making framework is very important for all the nurses and the midwives. The national framework in Australia for the nurses should be followed properly. This framework is very important in this context indeed (Thompson et al. 2013). The purpose of providing the national framework is to develop the skills of the nurses primarily. The principles of this framework are simply based on providing the patients with the proper work indeed. The stakeholders who are engaged in this development of the nurses and midwives are the employers, government, health consumers, people who deploy the nursing workforce, different professional groups who play the roles of recruiting the nurses (Thompson et al. 2013). If the nurses and midwives are in practice, they can provide the proper care and take the important decisions as well. There are some decision making tools that can be followed in order to provide the best services in the nursing practice. The nurses will be supported to make the d ecisions all the way because they play the viral roles of saving the lives of the human beings indeed (Barry Edgman-Levitan 2012). Tools for decision making There are some important tools for the decision making for the nurses indeed. These tools will help and guide the nurses and make them confident enough to take all the necessary decisions at the right time. This will increase the confidence of the nurses in many ways indeed. They can swift their decisions as per the needs of the community indeed. These tools will also help the nurses to make the strategic planning for their way of work (Lgar Witteman 2013). They can be able to make the negotiations and implement the changes in their planning as the situation demands. The nurses will be able to acknowledge the provision of providing the quality services in health sector by maintain all the guidelines indeed. They should look after the health needs of the broader community indeed (Blais 2015). The nurses should focus mainly on the safety of the patients at the first place indeed. Thus they can provide the best services and enhance it as well. They will have to be able to manage all the risks indeed. They should be able to identify all the risks and find out the best ways to resolve these issues properly. They can apply their decisions in all the contexts of their health practice indeed. These decision making tools will enable the nurses to discover new areas of excellence and show their skills in their field of work (Perry, Potter Ostendorf 2013). These tools will also make the nurses learn about the negotiation process between the health workers and the employers. The nurses should be liable to act as per the restrictions or guidelines posed by the government authorities (Nicol et al. 2012). It is to mention for the common good of all that the nurses should be motivated to provide their services to the patients as per their health needs. They need to ensure that the outcomes on the aspect of the health provisions of the patients should be positive all the time. They should carry out their decisions by working jointly with their colleagues, patients and their families (Clapper Kardong-Edgren 2012). They should be careful in implementing their plans and hoping for the best outcomes indeed. They should build the support network indeed that should cater to the betterment of the health facilities. Many complexities can arise while implementing these strategies properly indeed. The nurses should be able to make a proper and comprehensive assessment on the needs of the patients. Then only they can progress in their work by identifying the seeming problems. They should make some strategies by which they will be able to implement their plans positively (Wu et al 2012). The decisions and judgments should be made by the members of nursing practice properly indeed. They should always take the final decisions by consulting with all the people involved in the process. The legislative policies should be followed by all the members in the nursing practice as well (Elwyn et al 2012). They should consult and negotiate with all the members as well. The decision making theories should be mentioned in this context. They should maintain all the professional and regulatory standards indeed before taking the final decisions or judgments. The nurses should always take the decisions depending on the education given to them and their professional experience. They should be provided with the proper skills for their works indeed. The various decision making theories should be followed in this context as well (Elwyn et al 2012). Information processing theory Information processing theory is one of the most important decision making theories. This theory says that the human mind can be thought as a information processor of a computer. This theory does not go with the factor that the human mind responds to the stimuli. This can be just like a computer that analyzes the problems in a mechanical way and solves them in the same pattern as well. This theory also states that the human mind is just like a computer that receives the orders from external forces, processes go on inside the mind and finally it gives the output just like the computers (Butts Rich 2013). The information is gathered from the senses. This can be taken as the input. The brain stores all this information and further processes it for the output. Finally the behavioral response is brought out as the output. It can be said regarding this theory that the information processing theory has completely ignored the importance of the functional responses of the human brain (Butts and Rich 2013). The human brain is thought to be a very complex mechanism so it reacts to different situations in different ways. This cannot be predetermined like a machine indeed. There are certain inherent processes that can be linked to the human brain. These processes can be assessed using the information that is provided through the input process. Some ways of completing this process are perception, attention, labeling and meaning. The information processing theory has some practical implications in the nursing practice through the information processing theory. The different issues like the long term memory and cue assessment can be taken as one of those things. In the clinical practice, the cognitive manipulation in the long-term memory can be assessed as well. These things are indeed very important in the information processing theory in nursing practice. Pros of information processing theory The assessments can be done properly and the corrections can be done smoothly through this theory as well. If the errors are found repetitively, the corrections can be done as per the comprehensive implications (Butts Rich 2013). If this theory is applied the users can have a deep understanding about the topics they are addressing. This would be very much beneficial for them as well. Cons of information processing theory In case this theory is used, the verbalization process will be impacted negatively indeed. The opinions that will come will be one sided only. This is why this theory should not be used while addressing some important topics. The human brain will not be used properly since it will only be used like a machine (Butts Rich 2013). Social judgment theory Social judgment theory is considered to be another important theory and model regarding decision making. This theory states that the position or view of a person on some issue can depend on three variables (Burke Mancuso 2012). The first one is the anchor. This position is at the first preference for the person concerned. The second position should be the alternatives. The alternatives mean the other options that are available other than the preferred ones. These alternatives can either be accepted or rejected (Shaban 2015). Thirdly, the stand or position of a person on some issue can be judged from the aspect of the personal ego-involvement. The ego of a person is very much important in judging their position. In case of nursing practice, this theory can help in identifying the risks and look for other options that could be used for helping the patients and their health needs. This entire theory revolves on the judgment of the people. It is very important for the nurses to interpre t the situations properly. If they are not able to identify the situations, they will be in a deep problem. They will not be able to find out the proper solutions to these problems (Shaban 2015). The concerned person has to listen to the problem properly so he or she can be able to initiate the change indeed. When the people get the persuasive information, they have to make an analysis on those subjects. Then they can choose what kind of change has to be brought in. The various categories will have to be used in order to judge the best possible outcome. It has been found out that the level of the ego-involvements always affect the size of the latitudes for the concerned persons (Burke Mancuso 2012). Pros of social judgment theory This theory explains the ways of how the perception of the messages can make a thorough influence on the persuasion. This theory also makes a prediction on the attitude to change (Shaban 2015). The latitude of acceptance is also decided in here as well (Burke Mancuso 2012). This theory says that if a person is involved in a topic, he or she might be persuaded accordingly as well. Cons of social judgment theory The conception of the ego-involvement is not properly defined so it is very hard to assess this fact. This theory completely ignores the evidence or the quality of the arguments. The concerned people can be open to persuasion on the things that they do not know much (Shaban 2015). The social judgment theory is also very important in the clinical practice for the nurses. When the nurses have to apply the hypovolemic shock in a series of the simulated cases that are presented through the computer they have to apply this theory properly indeed. The information that is being provided to the nurses is not at all linear at all. This information is not equally distributed as well. Cognitive continuum theory This decision making theory is very much important in the healthcare sector. This theory or model completely aims at working together in critical condition indeed. This theory completely depends on the human judgment and decision making (Dhami Thomson 2012). This theory is very effective in terms of improving the health practitioners at the individual level and increasing the tem work in the inter-professional level as well. The clinical decision making process can be implemented by utilizing this theory as well. The inter-professional clinical decision making process could be made strong indeed (Custers 2013).. Pros of Cognitive continuum theory This theory contributes to the clinical decision making of the nurses in the healthcare settings. As the inter-professional team work is increased this should be encouraged to be implemented in the field of nursing practice (Dhami Thomson 2012). Cons of cognitive continuum theory However, there are hardly any weaknesses of this theory for the nursing practice. It can be said that the judgment based action taking is not encouraged in this theory (Custers 2013). In the case of effective nursing practice, it can be said that the cognitive continuum theory is the best theory that could be implemented. The expert nurses have to be aware of the decision making system indeed. There are huge differences between the systematical-analytical approaches and the intuitive approaches (Johansen O'brien 2016). Both these approaches convey contrary viewpoints. These differences are waved off by the implementation of the cognitive continuum theory. The inter-professional decision making has to be at its peak for the clarity of communication between the nurses. These things will have to be at its proper place. Otherwise, the communicative aspects will remain hidden. The decision has to be made by the nurses by structuring all the arguments and logics properly (McEwen Wills 2017). This will indeed be beneficial for the future nurses as well. The decision can be taken very effectively if the structure is logical and perfect. The decision making process will be continuum. Thus the differences will be reconciled indeed. The decisions will have to be taken in a systematic way indeed. Transition between cognitive continuum theory and practice The decision making process in the clinical environment is a very tough process for the nurses. It is the cognitive continuum theory that has contributed a lot to the decision making process in the nursing practice. The theories are very much relevant to make the potential nurses realize their aims in the profession, the concepts that are most relevant in this and the usefulness of being in this profession. The decision making process of the professional nurses is completely motivated by the things stated in the cognitive continuum theory (Custers 2013). The important framework in the nursing decision making is supported in the cognitive continuum theory. The nurses can achieve the desired success if they follow this theory properly indeed. As the team understanding is increased, it helps the nurses to grow a better understanding between them. If this theory is followed the inter professional healthcare indeed. This theory has been chosen because the other two theories do not reflect on the general things in the nursing practice. As ego-involvement has been taken as one of the major aspects in the social judgment theory, this thing should not be taken as important in the nursing practice (Custers 2013). The cognitive continuum theory stresses on the collaboration between the colleagues indeed. This fact is not reflected in the information processing theory. This theory only focuses on the nurses as the machines. However this is not the scenario at all. These things should be kept in mind instead. They have to do their work with much sensitiveness. They cannot go through the input, processing and output procedure. The theorists and experts have always opined that this CCT should be the best alternative way for providing the conceptions for the nursing practice. CCT has been considered as the explicit analytical tool. The patients can be taken care of by the nurses according to this cognitive continuum theory. The nurses can do their work works better by collaboration with others. This will also increase the effectiveness of their work. The patients would get better care if the nurses work according to the cognitive continuum theory. Conclusion This paper can be completed by saying that effective nursing practice has been one of the most important things in the healthcare sector. The three important theories have been discussed in this context as well. The decision making framework has been discussed in this paper. The various tools for the nursing practice have been discussed over this paper. The core principles of nursing have to be maintained. The legal guidelines will have to be maintained as well. These things are very much essential for the perfect decision making model. The theories have been discussed and it has been found that the cognitive continuum theory is the best theory for the effective decision making in the nursing practice. References Alligood, M.R., 2013.Nursing Theory-E-Book: Utilization Application. 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