Summary Of Lizzy Bamford - 1548 Words

Lizzy Bamford Over seven billion people roam this planet searching. Looking for a purpose or a reason for why they are where they are. The actual probability of existing today is one in four hundred trillion. That s a miracle. So what is our purpose and why us? According to Market Wired about 53% of the human population considers themselves happy, so why is one of the most googled questions â€Å"how to be happy?†? All of this started to strike a chord with me so I decided to dig deeper and try and answer some of my own questions. So happiness is officially defined as feeling or showing pleasure or contentment. Sounds pretty straight forward I thought, but then I started to look at the big picture. In a day there are twenty four hours and I spend about 7 at school, two after school in the musical, 2 doing homework, 5 doing random but necessary things like driving or making food,6 sleeping and the last 2 I would bet I waste by daydreaming. But how happy am I? While I enjoy school and musical most of the time I wanted to see if I was really happy. To test this I would stop myself every hour and evaluate my emotions. I would quickly write down my emotions from most prominent to least (I used the well known movie Inside Out to help me a little.) Most of the time my list looked as follows: Joy Anxiety Sadness Anger Disgust Sometimes anger and sadness would switch places, but this was pretty normal. I obviously had hours where I was super stressed so anxiety dominated and the

A Brief Note On The Health Care System - 904 Words

Today’s healthcare environment is rapidly changing, and rightly so. Innovations are critical to cope with an aging population and an increased demand for services. Many patients have a variety of comorbid conditions that necessitate management by multiple physicians. Communication is a key element between a patient and all of their providers to managing these conditions, but fragmentation of care is still major weakness in the current health care system (Shannon, 2012). It is difficult for physicians to keep the patient and all other providers informed of conditions and treatment plan. This creates gaps in care that can result in diminished results. A patient portal can assist with giving patients access to their medical records and a communication platform with their providers. HealthIT (2015) defines a patient portal as â€Å"a secure online website that gives patients convenient 24-hour access to personal health information from anywhere with an Internet connection† (para. 1). A patient’s personal health information can include results from an appointment, prescriptions, allergies, test results and discharge instructions. Some portals even allow a patient to enter and track their own results such as weight and home glucose tests. These results can be taken to provider appointments and reviewed by the patient’s care team. In the current healthcare environment, patients are asked to play a larger role in the care they receive. This engagement not only helps the individualShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Health Care System1080 Words   |  5 Pages The U.S Health Care System is very complex industries that are filling with lots of challenges that will need to be fixing and restructure before comparing themselves with other develop countries. 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During the course of the student’s treatment (i.e. one academic year), he engaged in relationships with numero us counselors, clinicians, and physicians. Mostly, the treatment plan consisted of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy sessions. Upon completion of the study, the student reported that the work of the physician and behavioral health specialists

Bank Funding Structures and Evidence Risk - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Bank Funding Structures and Evidence Risk. Answer: Introduction: The financial crisis of 2007-2008 in the United States is often described as an example of faulty investment decisions by corporate world and household sector. The faulty investment decision resulted in inflation, huge financial losses and insolvency of several organisations. The downturn was so powerful that it impacted the whole economy of the United States and the world causing a serious lack of liquid capital. The liquidity of capital gripped the business organisations, even the big ones which created a shortage of liquid money thus reducing cpaitral flow between the household and the industrial sectors. The economic crisis was so dangerous that it forced big American banks Meryl Lynch, Lehman Brothers and AIG to file for bankruptcy. The crisis was related to lack of regulation of derivative markets and housing industry. According to experts the financial crisis of 2007-2008 was caused by lack of government and institutional control on the housing loan sector. The government of t he United States made law to help the middle class Americans get mortgage loans to build houses at high default rate. A large number of home buyers were willing to borrow money from the banks like Merill Lynch which led to the prices of the houses plummet. The people started taking debts to make houses but were unable to pay back. This led to a fall in the value of the financial securities and derivative market. It created a liquidity crisis for the big banks which were forced to close their operations. The federal government of the United States took over AIG to save it from bankruptcy. The financial crisis took the stock market into its clutches and the entire global securities and derivative market crashed. The led to liquidity shortage in the world which had far reaching consequences (Reinhart, 2013). The global financial crisis showed the world that operational, credit and systemic risks are interconnected and can lead to devastation of the world economy. The United States government created a high risk or subprime mortgage loan to enable the low and the middle class Americans to buy houses. The financial institutions bundled these asset products and sold them to the borrowers. These loans were often bundled with other financial and derivative instruments to attract maximum number of borrowers. Presence of high demand led to a high rise in the prices of houses which once again encouraged people to take more loans. The regulatory bodies in order to ensure the success of the loans easily approved loans through slack underwriting criteria. This led to improper examination of the borrowers credibility to pay back the loan which led to erosion of the value of the securities instruments. Money lent on loans and mortgages act as asset for the banks which generate huge interest income fo r them. The bankruptcy of the vast middle class population created took its toll on the earnings of the banks like Lehman Brothers with advanced risk management systems which appealed the Bank of America and Barclays to take it over (Mensah, 2015). The law of mortgage created by the federal government lacked foresight and left the institutes free to misuse the products to earn high rate of interest. The household sector borrowed without considering its limited financial resources to pay back loans and debts. The regulatory authorities and the approving departments of the banks approved the loans easily without assessing the financial background of the borrowers(Carroll Buchholtz, 2014). They did not examine whether the borrowers were capable of paying the debt back to the banks so that the banks could use it for further lending and earning of revenue in form of interest. It can be stated that the financial crunch of 2007-2008 was consequences of lack of efficiency on the side of th e governments, banks, estate companies and household sector to operate a new profitable law. This operational risk turned a law passed to boost money into the house sector into a reason behind a global financial crisis and credit risk (Helleiner, 2014). The global financial crises affected the banks more than any other body and submerged them into acute credit shortage and risks. The historical incidence showed that the regulatory framework and legal systems in the country have important roles to play in the capacity of banks to take credit risks and lend towards the development of the economic sector. The crisis led to more government regulation and formation of laws to help backs create capital buffers to handle financial and credit risks. The incidence showed that the banks need to work under the Basel III standard to be able to avoid any such crash in the future (Vazquez Federico, 2015). As pointed out that failure of the household sector to repay loans eroded the value of the derivative instruments. The banks which lent money to the middle class to buy houses lost huge revenue because their capital was locked in the mortgage. This gave rise to liquidity risks and affected the credit giving capacity of the banks or credit risk(Correa, Goldberg Rice, 2014). The banks of America also relaxed their credit assessment in order to compete with the European banks like Barclays and Royal bank of Scotland. These American banks lowered the risk assessment parameters of their securities and derivative instruments which ultimately led to the unsecured borrowing done only to earn short term revenue. The banks like Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch were sold to at very low prices. AIG was taken over by the government at $85 billion in order to save it from bankruptcy (Diebold Y?lmaz, 2014). Banks are borrowers of money in terms of current accounts and lend money in forms of loans against securities and derivative instruments. The banks make money flow in the global economy and ensure liquidity of funds for production processes in the whole world. The multinational banks are supposed to have more credit giving power than smaller banks. The multinational banks are believed to be at better positions to handle financial crises and follow Basel standards (Kapan Minoiu, 2016). The financial crises led to the fall of big banks which created credit risk and liquidity crunch in the global economy. The derivative market crashed all round the world and the deficiency of available credit enveloped the whole world. The credit risk affected the global economy and created systemic risk which engulfed all the industries creating acute market downfall (Bekaert et al., 2014). Financial derivates products are contracts whose value are dependent on underlying assets like bonds, shares and so on. The mortgages were initially backed by securities which apparently shielded the banks against the risk of losing their credit. The regulatory and approval authorities slackened risk assessment before lending the money which made the loans easily available to the borrowers (Claessens Ratnovski, 2015). The borrowers borrowed huge sum of money against unjustifiable derivate instruments but were not able to pay the loans back. This eroded the value of the securities and caused the share market to crash. Thus, the derivates were acting as securities to guarantee the credibility of the borrowers and the credit giving risks of the banks. They lost their value and risk aversion power due to lack of regulation and assessment from the governments and the lending banks. The derivative market plays a very important role in risk management in the investment function through hed ging and other instruments. Thus failure of the derivative market to hedge risks led to global economic crash (Rajan Zingales, 2015). Financial engineering can help the organisations take risk management decisions and take advantage of the market by choosing between collaterals, swaps and so on. Modern financial engineering can help companies to study the risk and hedge their financial resources to diversify the risk over a large number of financial assets. This helps the companies to derive maximum profit from the portfolio and bring about capital maximisation of the shareholders (Jarrow Chatterjea, 2013). Governance and non-regulatory compliance in risk models or framework help organizations to manage risks and meet their business goals. The stakeholders like the management, employees, governments, financial institutions, customers and supply chains are impacted by the activities of organisations. These stakeholders actually represent the macro economic factors which direct the business strategies of the organisations (Acharya et al., 2013). Financial institutions like banks, especially the multinational banks serve a huge consumer base and enable flow of money between economies. They maintain liquidity of money so that the industrial sector can raise funds to carry on their productions and generate further revenue. The government makes laws and policies which direct lending and borrowing operations of the banks. The apex financial institutions like the Federal Reserve System in the United States of America makes laws and rules which govern the banks and their functions. The laws also have provisions the banks resort to deal with financial crisis (Grubel, 2014). The global financial crisis pointed out that the regulation from government is essential for the banks to manage their market risks and carry on their business. It also showed that even multinational banks need to abide by corporate governance to avoid bankruptcy. The government of the United States created laws to enable the middle class Americans take loans to build houses. The law triggered the banks to lend mortgages against securities having high rate of interests. The regulatory authorities slacked the credit availing requirements to ensure maximum availing of loans. The household sector or the customers availed the loans but were not able to repay them because they were insolvent themselves. The bank authorities or managements relaxed the eligibility criteria and underwriting rules to ensure maximum loan market penetration and revenue. It can be pointed out that the government, customers, manageme nt and employees are all parts of corporate governance. The interact with each other and impact the strategies of the organisations to ensure that its operations benefit them. The government did not create the strict borrowing policies to measure the credibility of the borrowers. The borrowers borrowed money from the banks and could return it back which eroded the liquidity of the banks. Thus, the lack of corporate governance from the side of these stakeholders resulted in erosion of liquidity and risk management. Thus, in other words corporate governance is essential to maintain economic stability and keep the financial crises away (Claessens Yurtoglu, 2013). Risk management models ensure that organisations are able to take and manage risks to earn more profit. The risk management and assessment is done by the top executives drawing strength from market information and organisational structures. The organisations like banks create their own business and risk management models. The management uses various methods to gain measure risk and ensure that the assessment is accurate and feasible. Governance risk management is the tool to examine the strategic strengths of organisations and to make sure that they take risks as per their capabilities. Risk management refers to procedures which the management uses to analyse the business risks and the power of the organisations to diversify them. Risk management frameworks of organisations decide their risk taking propensity and comply to all the legal policies and laws while taking those risks. Today the risk management framework of the organisations is backed by advanced technology and enterprise risk management (DeAngelo Stulz, 2015). The risk management and non-regulatory framework today consists of control of risk management of the organisations by the financial institutions and government bodies. The non regulatory framework tends to guide the risky investments of organisations in order to ensure that they are not hit by the risks. The financial crises in the United States show that the knowledge of the borrowers about their debt paying capability could have acted as a non regulatory check against the crisis. The risk assessment framework of the banks could have acted as non regulatory framework to ensure that the borrowers have the power to pay the debts. Both these non regulatory framework did not contribute towards ensure corporate governance of the banks which actually complemented the weak regulatory framework of the government. The failure of the two catapulted into an economic crash, erosion of global market capital and risk management by the economies (Elbahar, El-Masry Abdelfattah, 2016). The financial crisis made the governments and the corporate sector realise the need of governance, compliance and risk management. The organisations manage risks by entering into business relationship with firms specialised at taking risks. These risk vendors, as these firms are called adopt various models of solution for risk management like Integrated GRC Solution. Domain, Specific GRC Solutions and Point solution to GRC. These risk vendors model data warehouses designed according to the needs of the companies so that the management can take appropriate decision on risk management. The organisations today take help of data warehouses which provide them with large bodies of data to assess the business risks and make accurate strategies to manage risks (McNeil, Frey Embrechts, 2015). ISO 31000 is a component of the risk management standard framed by International Organisation of Standard. Today organisations function under complex environment which presents before lot of risks. Risk management help organisations manage risks and use their resources to use efficiently in managing risks. The risk management also includes risks the operations of organisations pose to the society and to the stakeholders. The organisation provides for risk management in various forms which can be applied in companies of varying sizes and scales of operations. ISO 31000:2009 provides directions in general for design, application and maintenance of risk management mechanisms by organisations. The ISO 31000:2009 provide a wide range of risk management mechanisms for the organisations which require enterprise risk management. The parameter covers all strategies, management or tasks of operation spanning all functions, processes and projects. The ISO 31000:009 encompass appointing stakeholders, risk management officers, compliance auditors within the companies and independent analysts (Curkovic, Scannell Wagner, 2013). The ISO 31000:2009 plays very important role to ensure organisations are able to manage risks in such ways to profit from them. This parameter allows the organisations to employ workforce to assess the risks, the consequences and benefits that can be likely derived by taking the risks. The organisations can analyse their own risk taking capability based on their financial strengths, supply chain, market penetration and so on (Riel et al., 2015). The next important role of ISO 31000:2009 then studies the risks and the associated benefits. If the risk management team finds that the risk would benefit the company in a great way like increasing the market position of the organisation or entering a new industry, it may help the company to increase the risk, if required in order to increase the benefit. The parameter also has provisions of removing risks or changing the likelihood of the risk. This helps the companies to avoid risks which are likely to result in huge financial losses or have dire consequences on the firm. The next important role played by ISO 31000:2009 also has provisions for sharing the risks with other companies or parties. They involve entering into contracts with firms and companies which have expertise in financing risky projects. They even have provisions for the management of the companies to retain the risky position if they consider those positions as a part of their business strategies (Dallas Director , 2013). The ISO 31000:2009 provides standard of risk management which can be followed by organisations irrespective of their sizes, locations, activity or sectors. The risk management parameters are even more applicable in todays world in order to maintain resilience in the global economy. The financial crisis of 2007-2008 which hit the United States showed how economic problem of one part of the world can create a chain of events capable of disrupting the entire global economy. The advancement of technology, intense global competition, emergence of new markets and so on have made the economies more interdependent. Today the emerging markets like China and India interact more than with the developed markets like North America and Europe. These countries are home to several multinational companies who have considerable business assets in other economies and worth billions of dollars. The less developed markets are dependent on these countries and companies for their very sustenance. These com panies cater to a global consumer base and generate revenue for the governments of their home as well as host countries (Baylis, Smith, Owens, 2013). Thus, a bankruptcy in any of these companies can create chain of events which can hit the entire global economies. The companies are increasing stressing on functioning in sustainable environment. A parameter like ISO 31000:2009 can help companies to assess and manage risks better which will help them to avert unprofitable risks. They can also save their material, human and financial resources which would have been employed to deal with the risk. Thus, such parameter can contribute making the global environment more favourable to investment by managing risks (Bremmer, 2014). Sustenance has emerged as a new way of operating in the global economy where companies work towards adopting environment friendly ways. The companies require to invest huge amount of money towards adopting sustainable technology which involves considerable risks. ISO 31000:2009 acts as parameters which help companies to assess the limit of risks to be taken to adopt sustainable means of operations. The companies are considered as social identities which should function in sustainable means to ensure conservation of environment. Thus, such parameters go a long way in applying sustainable ways by assessing the risk associated with them (Fletcher Bianchi, 2014). Risk management has emerged as a very large area spanning over all the economies. Risk management has become important due to interdependence between countries and companies. Globalisation and advanced technology have brought nations so close that a wrong risk assessment in one part and sector can affect the whole world. The financial crises show the need of government and institutional participation to ensure risk management and smooth function of all organisation even multinational banks. The governments, customers and all the other stakeholders need to examine the risks associated with investments before transforming them into action. It requires responsible corporate governance and conduct from all the stakeholders. The risk management parameters of ISO 31000:2009 help organisations to assess risks and avoid a recurrence of financial crisis 2007-2008. References: Acharya, V. V., Gottschalg, O. F., Hahn, M., Kehoe, C. (2013). Corporate governance and value creation: Evidence from private equity.Review of Financial Studies,26(2), 368-402. Baylis, J., Smith, S., Owens, P. (2013).The globalization of world politics: an introduction to international relations. Oxford University Press. Bekaert, G., Ehrmann, M., Fratzscher, M., Mehl, A. (2014). The global crisis and equity market contagion.The Journal of Finance,69(6), 2597-2649. Bremmer, I. (2014). The new rules of globalization.Harvard Business Review,92(1), 103-107. Carroll, A., Buchholtz, A. (2014).Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Claessens, S., Ratnovski, L. (2015). What is shadow banking?. Claessens, S., Yurtoglu, B. B. (2013). Corporate governance in emerging markets: A survey.Emerging markets review,15, 1-33. Correa, R., Goldberg, L. S., Rice, T. (2014).Liquidity risk and US bank lending at home and abroad(No. w20285). National Bureau of Economic Research. Curkovic, S., Scannell, T., Wagner, B. (2013). ISO 31000: 2009 Enterprise and Supply Chain Risk Management: A Longitudinal Study.American Journal of Industrial and Business Management,3(07), 614. Dallas, M., Director, A. P. M. (2013). Management of Risk: Guidance for Practitioners and the international standard on risk management, ISO 31000: 2009.The Stationary Office. DeAngelo, H., Stulz, R. M. (2015). Liquid-claim production, risk management, and bank capital structure: Why high leverage is optimal for banks.Journal of Financial Economics,116(2), 219-236. Diebold, F. X., Y?lmaz, K. (2014). On the network topology of variance decompositions: Measuring the connectedness of financial firms.Journal of Econometrics,182(1), 119-134. Elbahar, E., El-Masry, A. A., Abdelfattah, T. (2016). Corporate governance and risk management in GCC Banks. Fletcher, W. J., Bianchi, G. (2014). The FAOEAF toolbox: making the ecosystem approach accessible to all fisheries.Ocean Coastal Management,90, 20-26. Grubel, H. G. (2014). A theory of multinational banking.PSL Quarterly Review,30(123). Helleiner, E. (2014).The status quo crisis: Global financial governance after the 2008 meltdown. Oxford University Press. Jarrow, R. A., Chatterjea, A. (2013).An introduction to derivative securities, financial markets, and risk management. WW Norton Company. Kapan, T., Minoiu, C. (2016). Balance sheet strength and bank lending during the global financial crisis. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. (2015).Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Mensah, J. M. K. (2015). The failure of Lehman Brothers: causes, preventive measures and recommendations.Browser Download This Paper. Rajan, R. G., Zingales, L. (2015). The Economic Functions of Derivatives Markets.The Economics of Derivatives, 22. Reinhart, C. (2013). Goodbye inflation targeting, hello fear of floating? Latin America after the global financial crisis. Riel, A., Lelah, A., Mandil, G., Rio, M., Tichkiewitch, S., Zhang, F., Zwolinski, P. (2015). An Innovative Approach to Teaching Sustainable Design and Management.Procedia CIRP,36, 29-34. Vazquez, F., Federico, P. (2015). Bank funding structures and risk: Evidence from the global financial crisis.Journal of Banking Finance,61, 1-14.

Decision Making in Nursing Practice Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Decision Making in Nursing Practice. Answer: Introduction The nursing practice is considered to be one of the most important health sector practices in the society. This is why the communication skills will have to be proper and one of the major aspects will be the effective decision making. Effective decision making is indeed very important since the nurses may have to take sudden decisions in many cases. The focus of the nursing practice is on serving the human beings in their most critical conditions. The interpersonal communication is one of the most important aspects in the nursing practice. It is to mention that the decision making really has a big issue in the successful nursing practice. The decisions have to be made very suddenly as the conditions of the patients can turn out to be very much critical. It is indeed very important for the nurses to take the proper actions in certain cases (Lachman 2012). The purpose of this paper is to identify the sections where the nurses will have to problems. Then only they can find some solutions to these problems indeed. Uncertainty is one of the biggest risks in every scenario, especially if it is regarding the life of the human beings. Their sole purpose of the profession is to save the lives of the human beings from all angles. These are the very reasons why the nurses must be very much cautious about their works. They must always create an environment that should be constructive enough (Lachman 2012). They always have to remember that the critical situations do not come beforehand. They have to be prepared for all the consequences. They have to analyze the critical aspect of all the situations and take the proper action indeed. In this part three theories are going to be discussed. The three theories are information processing theory, social judgment theory and cognitive continuum theory. These three theories are very much important for the nursing practice. However, the cognitive continuum theory is very much important for the nursing practice because inter professional teamwork can b e increased through the implementation of this theory. The inter professional teamwork or collaboration is indeed very important in the nursing practice. Core principles of nursing practice There are some core principles or ethical things in the nursing practice. The nurses always have to maintain these ethical codes as their profession deals with the saving the lives of the human beings (Grove, Burns Gray 2012). In this scenario, they have to focus on their power of the decision making indeed. They have to maintain a good relationship with the patients, their families, colleagues, carers of the patients and all other persons (Morton et al. 2017). These are the reasons as to why the nurses will have to concentrate on all these things properly. At first it has to be mentioned which kind of people are included as the nursing staff. The nursing staff generally means the nurses, ward managers in the hospitals, specialist nurses, senior nurses, nursing interns and the student nurses (Grove, Burns Gray 2012). The community nurses are also the part of the nursing staff members. There are some core ethical principles that all the nurses have to keep in their minds as they tak e the oath of saving the lives of the patients in any situation. These principles are:- The nurses should treat everyone with the utmost care and humanity. They should keep their dignity at the first place when treating with the patients (Parahoo 2014). The nurses have to understand the basic needs of the patients and provide the care according to that only. They should treat the people equally with best efficiency they can provide. The nurses are liable for answering for all the judgments and actions they take. They might have to make some strict decisions as they are not aware of the critical facts can arise in what time (Parahoo 2014) If these decisions can affect the patients, they might be held responsible as guilty. This is why the nurses will have to take up the responsibility for their faults. The nurses and other nursing staff will have to work very closely with all the patients on the floor (Tylor 2012). They will need to build a strong team work between them indeed. They should have a strong positive influence on the patients and they should provide the patients with the utmost care indeed (Masters 2015). All the nurses and other nursing staffs have to be updated with the recent use of technologies and they have to update their skills as well. This will surely be important for the effective decision making process. The nurses will be able to take up the important decisions as per their knowledge and skills indeed. The nurses must possess a good understanding on the matters that arise during their work on the floor (Alligood 2013). They have to be sensitive and be able to take quick decisions indeed. They are the ones who should lead the other health sector employees by the proper example. They should influence the other staffs and motivate them to complete their works on time. These things are very much important indeed. The other staffs can feel motivated by the decision making power of the nurses (DeNisco Barker 2013). The decision making framework The decision making framework is very important for all the nurses and the midwives. The national framework in Australia for the nurses should be followed properly. This framework is very important in this context indeed (Thompson et al. 2013). The purpose of providing the national framework is to develop the skills of the nurses primarily. The principles of this framework are simply based on providing the patients with the proper work indeed. The stakeholders who are engaged in this development of the nurses and midwives are the employers, government, health consumers, people who deploy the nursing workforce, different professional groups who play the roles of recruiting the nurses (Thompson et al. 2013). If the nurses and midwives are in practice, they can provide the proper care and take the important decisions as well. There are some decision making tools that can be followed in order to provide the best services in the nursing practice. The nurses will be supported to make the d ecisions all the way because they play the viral roles of saving the lives of the human beings indeed (Barry Edgman-Levitan 2012). Tools for decision making There are some important tools for the decision making for the nurses indeed. These tools will help and guide the nurses and make them confident enough to take all the necessary decisions at the right time. This will increase the confidence of the nurses in many ways indeed. They can swift their decisions as per the needs of the community indeed. These tools will also help the nurses to make the strategic planning for their way of work (Lgar Witteman 2013). They can be able to make the negotiations and implement the changes in their planning as the situation demands. The nurses will be able to acknowledge the provision of providing the quality services in health sector by maintain all the guidelines indeed. They should look after the health needs of the broader community indeed (Blais 2015). The nurses should focus mainly on the safety of the patients at the first place indeed. Thus they can provide the best services and enhance it as well. They will have to be able to manage all the risks indeed. They should be able to identify all the risks and find out the best ways to resolve these issues properly. They can apply their decisions in all the contexts of their health practice indeed. These decision making tools will enable the nurses to discover new areas of excellence and show their skills in their field of work (Perry, Potter Ostendorf 2013). These tools will also make the nurses learn about the negotiation process between the health workers and the employers. The nurses should be liable to act as per the restrictions or guidelines posed by the government authorities (Nicol et al. 2012). It is to mention for the common good of all that the nurses should be motivated to provide their services to the patients as per their health needs. They need to ensure that the outcomes on the aspect of the health provisions of the patients should be positive all the time. They should carry out their decisions by working jointly with their colleagues, patients and their families (Clapper Kardong-Edgren 2012). They should be careful in implementing their plans and hoping for the best outcomes indeed. They should build the support network indeed that should cater to the betterment of the health facilities. Many complexities can arise while implementing these strategies properly indeed. The nurses should be able to make a proper and comprehensive assessment on the needs of the patients. Then only they can progress in their work by identifying the seeming problems. They should make some strategies by which they will be able to implement their plans positively (Wu et al 2012). The decisions and judgments should be made by the members of nursing practice properly indeed. They should always take the final decisions by consulting with all the people involved in the process. The legislative policies should be followed by all the members in the nursing practice as well (Elwyn et al 2012). They should consult and negotiate with all the members as well. The decision making theories should be mentioned in this context. They should maintain all the professional and regulatory standards indeed before taking the final decisions or judgments. The nurses should always take the decisions depending on the education given to them and their professional experience. They should be provided with the proper skills for their works indeed. The various decision making theories should be followed in this context as well (Elwyn et al 2012). Information processing theory Information processing theory is one of the most important decision making theories. This theory says that the human mind can be thought as a information processor of a computer. This theory does not go with the factor that the human mind responds to the stimuli. This can be just like a computer that analyzes the problems in a mechanical way and solves them in the same pattern as well. This theory also states that the human mind is just like a computer that receives the orders from external forces, processes go on inside the mind and finally it gives the output just like the computers (Butts Rich 2013). The information is gathered from the senses. This can be taken as the input. The brain stores all this information and further processes it for the output. Finally the behavioral response is brought out as the output. It can be said regarding this theory that the information processing theory has completely ignored the importance of the functional responses of the human brain (Butts and Rich 2013). The human brain is thought to be a very complex mechanism so it reacts to different situations in different ways. This cannot be predetermined like a machine indeed. There are certain inherent processes that can be linked to the human brain. These processes can be assessed using the information that is provided through the input process. Some ways of completing this process are perception, attention, labeling and meaning. The information processing theory has some practical implications in the nursing practice through the information processing theory. The different issues like the long term memory and cue assessment can be taken as one of those things. In the clinical practice, the cognitive manipulation in the long-term memory can be assessed as well. These things are indeed very important in the information processing theory in nursing practice. Pros of information processing theory The assessments can be done properly and the corrections can be done smoothly through this theory as well. If the errors are found repetitively, the corrections can be done as per the comprehensive implications (Butts Rich 2013). If this theory is applied the users can have a deep understanding about the topics they are addressing. This would be very much beneficial for them as well. Cons of information processing theory In case this theory is used, the verbalization process will be impacted negatively indeed. The opinions that will come will be one sided only. This is why this theory should not be used while addressing some important topics. The human brain will not be used properly since it will only be used like a machine (Butts Rich 2013). Social judgment theory Social judgment theory is considered to be another important theory and model regarding decision making. This theory states that the position or view of a person on some issue can depend on three variables (Burke Mancuso 2012). The first one is the anchor. This position is at the first preference for the person concerned. The second position should be the alternatives. The alternatives mean the other options that are available other than the preferred ones. These alternatives can either be accepted or rejected (Shaban 2015). Thirdly, the stand or position of a person on some issue can be judged from the aspect of the personal ego-involvement. The ego of a person is very much important in judging their position. In case of nursing practice, this theory can help in identifying the risks and look for other options that could be used for helping the patients and their health needs. This entire theory revolves on the judgment of the people. It is very important for the nurses to interpre t the situations properly. If they are not able to identify the situations, they will be in a deep problem. They will not be able to find out the proper solutions to these problems (Shaban 2015). The concerned person has to listen to the problem properly so he or she can be able to initiate the change indeed. When the people get the persuasive information, they have to make an analysis on those subjects. Then they can choose what kind of change has to be brought in. The various categories will have to be used in order to judge the best possible outcome. It has been found out that the level of the ego-involvements always affect the size of the latitudes for the concerned persons (Burke Mancuso 2012). Pros of social judgment theory This theory explains the ways of how the perception of the messages can make a thorough influence on the persuasion. This theory also makes a prediction on the attitude to change (Shaban 2015). The latitude of acceptance is also decided in here as well (Burke Mancuso 2012). This theory says that if a person is involved in a topic, he or she might be persuaded accordingly as well. Cons of social judgment theory The conception of the ego-involvement is not properly defined so it is very hard to assess this fact. This theory completely ignores the evidence or the quality of the arguments. The concerned people can be open to persuasion on the things that they do not know much (Shaban 2015). The social judgment theory is also very important in the clinical practice for the nurses. When the nurses have to apply the hypovolemic shock in a series of the simulated cases that are presented through the computer they have to apply this theory properly indeed. The information that is being provided to the nurses is not at all linear at all. This information is not equally distributed as well. Cognitive continuum theory This decision making theory is very much important in the healthcare sector. This theory or model completely aims at working together in critical condition indeed. This theory completely depends on the human judgment and decision making (Dhami Thomson 2012). This theory is very effective in terms of improving the health practitioners at the individual level and increasing the tem work in the inter-professional level as well. The clinical decision making process can be implemented by utilizing this theory as well. The inter-professional clinical decision making process could be made strong indeed (Custers 2013).. Pros of Cognitive continuum theory This theory contributes to the clinical decision making of the nurses in the healthcare settings. As the inter-professional team work is increased this should be encouraged to be implemented in the field of nursing practice (Dhami Thomson 2012). Cons of cognitive continuum theory However, there are hardly any weaknesses of this theory for the nursing practice. It can be said that the judgment based action taking is not encouraged in this theory (Custers 2013). In the case of effective nursing practice, it can be said that the cognitive continuum theory is the best theory that could be implemented. The expert nurses have to be aware of the decision making system indeed. There are huge differences between the systematical-analytical approaches and the intuitive approaches (Johansen O'brien 2016). Both these approaches convey contrary viewpoints. These differences are waved off by the implementation of the cognitive continuum theory. The inter-professional decision making has to be at its peak for the clarity of communication between the nurses. These things will have to be at its proper place. Otherwise, the communicative aspects will remain hidden. The decision has to be made by the nurses by structuring all the arguments and logics properly (McEwen Wills 2017). This will indeed be beneficial for the future nurses as well. The decision can be taken very effectively if the structure is logical and perfect. The decision making process will be continuum. Thus the differences will be reconciled indeed. The decisions will have to be taken in a systematic way indeed. Transition between cognitive continuum theory and practice The decision making process in the clinical environment is a very tough process for the nurses. It is the cognitive continuum theory that has contributed a lot to the decision making process in the nursing practice. The theories are very much relevant to make the potential nurses realize their aims in the profession, the concepts that are most relevant in this and the usefulness of being in this profession. The decision making process of the professional nurses is completely motivated by the things stated in the cognitive continuum theory (Custers 2013). The important framework in the nursing decision making is supported in the cognitive continuum theory. The nurses can achieve the desired success if they follow this theory properly indeed. As the team understanding is increased, it helps the nurses to grow a better understanding between them. If this theory is followed the inter professional healthcare indeed. This theory has been chosen because the other two theories do not reflect on the general things in the nursing practice. As ego-involvement has been taken as one of the major aspects in the social judgment theory, this thing should not be taken as important in the nursing practice (Custers 2013). The cognitive continuum theory stresses on the collaboration between the colleagues indeed. This fact is not reflected in the information processing theory. This theory only focuses on the nurses as the machines. However this is not the scenario at all. These things should be kept in mind instead. They have to do their work with much sensitiveness. They cannot go through the input, processing and output procedure. The theorists and experts have always opined that this CCT should be the best alternative way for providing the conceptions for the nursing practice. CCT has been considered as the explicit analytical tool. The patients can be taken care of by the nurses according to this cognitive continuum theory. The nurses can do their work works better by collaboration with others. This will also increase the effectiveness of their work. The patients would get better care if the nurses work according to the cognitive continuum theory. Conclusion This paper can be completed by saying that effective nursing practice has been one of the most important things in the healthcare sector. The three important theories have been discussed in this context as well. The decision making framework has been discussed in this paper. The various tools for the nursing practice have been discussed over this paper. The core principles of nursing have to be maintained. The legal guidelines will have to be maintained as well. These things are very much essential for the perfect decision making model. The theories have been discussed and it has been found that the cognitive continuum theory is the best theory for the effective decision making in the nursing practice. References Alligood, M.R., 2013.Nursing Theory-E-Book: Utilization Application. Elsevier Health Sciences, pp 63-84 Barry, M.J. and Edgman-Levitan, S., 2012. Shared decision makingthe pinnacle of patient-centered care.New England Journal of Medicine,366(9), pp.780-781. Blais, K., 2015.Professional nursing practice: Concepts and perspectives. Pearson. Burke, H. and Mancuso, L., 2012. Social cognitive theory, metacognition, and simulation learning in nursing education.Journal of Nursing Education,51(10), pp.543-548. Butts, J.B. and Rich, K.L., 2013.Philosophies and theories for advanced nursing practice. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Pp. 5-17. Clapper, T.C. and Kardong-Edgren, S., 2012. Using deliberate practice and simulation to improve nursing skills.Clinical Simulation in Nursing,8(3), pp.e109-e113. Custers, E.J., 2013. Medical education and cognitive continuum theory: an alternative perspective on medical problem solving and clinical reasoning.Academic Medicine,88(8), pp.1074-1080. DeNisco, S. and Barker, A.M. eds., 2013.Advanced practice nursing: Evolving roles for the transformation of the profession. Jones Bartlett Learning. Dhami, M.K. and Thomson, M.E., 2012. On the relevance of Cognitive Continuum Theory and quasirationality for understandingmanagement judgment and decision making.European Management Journal,30(4), pp.316-326. Elwyn, G., Frosch, D., Thomson, R., Joseph-Williams, N., Lloyd, A., Kinnersley, P., Cording, E., Tomson, D., Dodd, C., Rollnick, S. and Edwards, A., 2012. Shared decision making: a model for clinical practice.Journal of general internal medicine,27(10), pp.1361-1367. Grove, S.K., Burns, N. and Gray, J., 2012.The practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence. Elsevier Health Sciences. Pp. 116-130 Johansen, M.L. and O'brien, J.L., 2016, January. Decision making in nursing practice: a concept analysis. InNursing forum(Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 40-48). Lachman, V.D., 2012. Applying the ethics of care to your nursing practice.Medsurg Nursing,21(2), p.112. Lgar, F. and Witteman, H.O., 2013. Shared decision making: examining key elements and barriers to adoption into routine clinical practice.Health affairs,32(2), pp.276-284. Masters, K., 2015.Role development in professional nursing practice. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Pp. 49-92. McEwen, M. and Wills, E.M., 2017.Theoretical basis for nursing. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Morton, P.G., Fontaine, D., Hudak, C.M. and Gallo, B.M., 2017.Critical care nursing: a holistic approach(p. 1056). Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Nicol, M., Bavin, C., Cronin, P., Rawlings-Anderson, K., Cole, E. and Hunter, J., 2012.Essential Nursing Skills E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Parahoo, K., 2014.Nursing research: principles, process and issues. Palgrave Macmillan. Pp. 7-20. Perry, A.G., Potter, P.A. and Ostendorf, W., 2013.Clinical Nursing Skills and Techniques8: Clinical Nursing Skills and Techniques. Elsevier Health Sciences. Shaban, R., 2015. Theories of clinical judgment and decision-making: a review of the theoretical literature.Australasian Journal of Paramedicine,3(1). Thompson, C., Aitken, L., Doran, D. and Dowding, D., 2013. An agenda for clinical decision making and judgement in nursing research and education.International journal of nursing studies,50(12), pp.1720-1726. Tylor, A., 2012. Nursing principles.Translated by faculty member of Shahid Beheshti nursing school, 1th ed. Tehran: Boshra Pub. Wu, P.H., Hwang, G.J., Su, L.H. and Huang, Y.M., 2012. A context-aware mobile learning system for supporting cognitive apprenticeships in nursing skills training.Educational Technology Society,15(1), pp.223-236.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Disease free essay sample

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a disease that makes muscles stop working. It is a rare disease found mostly in active people. The most common name for ALS is Lou Gehrigs disease. Lou Gehrig was a hall of fame baseball player who played with Babe Ruth on the Yankees. He became a victim to ALS in the late 1930’s. ALS was discovered in Paris, France in the early 1870s. Jean-Martin Charcot worked with many patients with similar diseases before discovering the disease. People who have ALS first start to notice a weakening in the muscles of the arms and legs, poor balance, speech, and swallowing problems. Many people who have it have a hard time performing simple everyday tasks like tying their shoes or brushing their teeth. Eventually, patients will have to switch to a liquid diet. Overtime they become more fatigued and very weak. Almost all the victims of ALS have to use respiratory machines to breath and have their food inserted directly into the stomach. We will write a custom essay sample on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Disease or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ALS patients typically sleep a lot because any physical activity can cause fatigue and make breathing really hard. Life expectancy for people with this disease is usually 2-8 years and on rare occasions, 10+ years. There is no cure for ALS and every patient eventually passes away from the disease. There have been a few rare cases where people diagnosed with this disease have lived longer than fifteen years. There are a couple of ways to lessen the effects of ALS like massages, diets, and plenty of rest have been proven to slow down the process of the nerves dying out in some patients. In conclusion, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a deadly and frightening disease. Although there is no cure, medications like siazepam can help control spasms, muscle cramps, and saliva. Siazepam can also help control muscle twitching. Physical therapy is important for patients with ALS to help stay flexible in joints and to prevent contractures, or fixations of muscles. Someday, hopefully, a cure will be developed, and the suffering this disease is causing will be stopped.

Free Essays on The Ethics Of The Truth

â€Å"When in doubt tell the truth. It will confound your enemies and astound your friends.† As Mark Twain suggests in this quote, it is a good rule of thumb to live by. People have spend hundreds of years attempting to justify lies. Whether to lie, equivocate, be silent, or tell the truth in any given situation is a hard decision. People have spend hundreds of years attempting to justify lies. From Thomas Aquinas to Bill Clinton debates on lying have been ongoing without much of a consensus. Philosopher’s and common people alike have been divided on the subject of lying for many, many years. St. Thomas Aquinas defined lying as a statement at variance with the mind. (Slater) This definition is better than most of the definitions we find from more recent times. The Webster’s New World Dictionary defines lying as the following: to make a statement or statements that one knows to be false, especially with the intent to deceive. This definition isn’t completely correct, as it is possible to lie without making a false statement and without the intention of deceiving. Aristotle in his Ethics maintained that it is never permissible to lie, while Plato in The Republic allows doctors and statesmen to lie occasionally for the good of their patients and for the common wealth. Kant allowed a lie under absolutely no conditions. (Slater) St. Augustine created a doctrine used by the Western Church proving it is never lawful to tell a lie. He maintained an ear ly absolutist philosophy based on the fact that lying is a perversion of the God-given power of speech. Machiavelli has a utilitarian approach to lying in that he believes lies can be justified by asserting that great things may be achieved by those who have little regard for the truth. (Dickey) No consensus has been reached, and the issue of lying has become a personal opinion. There isn’t a set law on lying, and one person may feel that lying is abominable act, when anot... Free Essays on The Ethics Of The Truth Free Essays on The Ethics Of The Truth â€Å"When in doubt tell the truth. It will confound your enemies and astound your friends.† As Mark Twain suggests in this quote, it is a good rule of thumb to live by. People have spend hundreds of years attempting to justify lies. Whether to lie, equivocate, be silent, or tell the truth in any given situation is a hard decision. People have spend hundreds of years attempting to justify lies. From Thomas Aquinas to Bill Clinton debates on lying have been ongoing without much of a consensus. Philosopher’s and common people alike have been divided on the subject of lying for many, many years. St. Thomas Aquinas defined lying as a statement at variance with the mind. (Slater) This definition is better than most of the definitions we find from more recent times. The Webster’s New World Dictionary defines lying as the following: to make a statement or statements that one knows to be false, especially with the intent to deceive. This definition isn’t completely correct, as it is possible to lie without making a false statement and without the intention of deceiving. Aristotle in his Ethics maintained that it is never permissible to lie, while Plato in The Republic allows doctors and statesmen to lie occasionally for the good of their patients and for the common wealth. Kant allowed a lie under absolutely no conditions. (Slater) St. Augustine created a doctrine used by the Western Church proving it is never lawful to tell a lie. He maintained an ear ly absolutist philosophy based on the fact that lying is a perversion of the God-given power of speech. Machiavelli has a utilitarian approach to lying in that he believes lies can be justified by asserting that great things may be achieved by those who have little regard for the truth. (Dickey) No consensus has been reached, and the issue of lying has become a personal opinion. There isn’t a set law on lying, and one person may feel that lying is abominable act, when anot...

Business Management and Organizational Behaviour Case Study

Business Management and Organizational Behaviour - Case Study Example Worse than this, in some cases in encouraging revenues to come through a particular gaming station, some team members have resorted to bad practises such as giving away drinks and free accommodation which results in a net loss for the organisation as a whole. In addition to the animosity created between teams at the organisational level, it has also become apparent that that the bonus system has created a culture of blame within individual teams. As has been demonstrated with the case of Laura, where teams have failed to achieve the bonus, individual members of the team have sought to make certain members of the team a scapegoat, blaming the individuals for the inability of the team as a whole to win the bonus. As such, this may be seen as a costly problem for the casino which has already lost a team member due to the public disgracing of the team member who was held responsible for the loss of bonus due to a refusal to engage in what other may see as unethical practises. Other key p roblems which may be seen in the casino relate to the individual relationships which exist amongst owners, managers and family members. For instance, in the incident with Laura, Ron who has sought to make use of a personal relationship between himself and his uncle in order to facilitate the outcome of Laura either leaving or engaging in the unethical style behaviour in which Ron himself has made use of in the past. This is an issue which Jennifer as a responsible agent will now find increasingly difficult to deal with. For instance, should Jennifer choose to criticise Ron’s actions and take appropriate actions, one consideration is that Jennifer may worry that Ron will similarly seek to make use of his personal relationship with his uncle so as to counteract...In informing the outcomes of the report, the report has made use of several sources of data including, the material presented in the case study as well as references to the appropriate models and frameworks as presente d in the academic literature on organisational behaviour, management and leadership. Having considered the facts of the case study one can see that there are a wide number of issues to be addressed from an organisational behaviour perspective, many of which spring from the current bonus system. In addition to the animosity created between teams at the organisational level, it has also become apparent that that the bonus system has created a culture of blame within individual teams. Having analysed the case study, it would seem that the fundamental problem is that the motivational methods being made use of are creating animosity between rival teams and internal team members within each of the gaming teams. As such, the recommendations of this report are that the current bonus system should be scraped and that the casino should look for alternative ways of trying to encourage each team to maximise revenues from its customers. In implementing the recommendations, the report recommends that in the immediate term the current bonus system should be suspended with immediate effect. It is evident from the case study that at present the bonus system is causing conflict amongst the teams and resulting in sub-optimal profitability for the business as a whole.

Analysis of data from the practical class (guinea-pig ileum Lab Report

Analysis of data from the practical class (guinea-pig ileum experiments) - Lab Report Example Fill in the table (see next page) for all 4 types of agonist/antagonist combination used. Using appropriate statistical tests on the class data, examine whether in each case the presence of the antagonist increased the log EC50 value of the agonist significantly (in other words, made it less negative)*. (ii) With reference to the class practical results in the table (page XX), describe in detail what the experimental evidence is for your answers to question 3(i). This justification of your conclusions is a very important part of this practical write-up. X- Due to the introduction of the drug x, there was contraction response on acetycholine as seen by the less negative values after the introduction of the drug. He drug acts on cholinergic nicotinic receptors, where acetycholine derives it actions. Y-As a result of the introduction of the drugs, the histamine action was strongly altered as seen by less negative values than in the absence of the drugs. In which case, it can be concluded that they are H2 antagonists because they are the ones that inhibit the action of histamine at H2 receptors. Through the action of H2 receptors, histamine is able to secrete gastric juice. 4. The experimental protocol for this practical involved determining two log concentration – response curves, the first one in the absence of the unknown antagonist and the second one in its presence. Could this experimental protocol lead to any error and, if so, and how might it be avoided (e.g. by modifying the protocol)? Paradoxical potentiating effects: Very low concentrations of aacetycholine sometimes produce a potentiation instead of antagonism and this would interfere with the measurements. More attention should be given when measuring the concentration to ensure that it is

Movie comment Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Comment - Movie Review Example There seems to be a break in connection with the past. This can be a good thing, however, because it forces the next generation to carve out a new way for themselves, and escape from the weight of history that has been handed down to them. One of the most interesting aspects of the film is that Pilar, who has a white father and Mexican mother, is a teacher whose job is to reinterpret the history for all of the different groups, even though the parents of the schoolchildren resist her open minded approach to the past. Cinema has a great power to play with time: â€Å"Sayles visually reinforces the weight of history and the past in Frontera with seamless chronological transitions smoothly effected by means of panning or other camera movement during uninterrupted takes.† (West and West, 1996, p.1) The flashbacks help to put history into context. Question 2. The town of Frontera, whose name literally means frontier or border, is at the meeting point of North America and South Amer ica, and it is also where the different mentalities of these two worlds meet.

How Cultivation Theory Applies To Racial Problems Media Essay

How Cultivation Theory Applies To Racial Problems Media Essay Introduction American cartoons comprise the most popular film product industry for children worldwide, and have gained considerable attention in terms of educating children. As an excellent medium for storytelling, children learn the basic concepts of what the world is like and what love and ethics are from the fairy tales they watch. I am currently studying one of the communication theories, namely, cultivation theory. American cartoons, particularly Disney movies, are classic objects of study. The cultivation theory developed by George Gerbner and Larry Gross of the University of Pennsylvania states that the more time people spend living in the television world, the more likely they are to believe the social reality portrayed on television. Therefore, heavy television viewers have a higher estimation for a particular social reality (e.g., violence, prostitution, affluence, occupation, and marital discord) than what real-world phenomena can justify. Thus, to make the theory applicable to the real world, the study emphasizes the harm that television shows might bring to people. In my opinion, early education is essential to the development of an individuals personality; it also determines his/her later ideology. Thus, the effects of cartoons on childrens self development are worth studying. American cartoons and animation movies have benefits, particularly in teaching children the values of honesty, bravery, and friendship, and the fact that justice and good will triumph over evil. However, we can also see that the protagonists often use violence to defeat evil. Along with violence, gender problems and religious issues also show up in most films more than we think, and children learn about them without guidance. Children could easily confuse reality and fantasy, particularly in our current society where parents who are busy with work and socializing use video games and television shows as substitute companions for their children. In a nutshell, studying American cartoons is crucial for us because they may drastically affect childrens upbringing by presenting negative messages. The cultivation theory deeply focuses on the effects of violence on the behavior of people. In this paper, I will analyze the issue of racial discrimination in cartoons to make the study of the cultivation theory more complete. Discrimination is another essential topic that has been largely neglected due to the focus on violence in cartoons. Literature Review Dixon (2006) believes that heavy viewers of television are more likely to think that an African-American suspect is guilty; they also view the world as a more dangerous place than it actually is. Television encourages violence and aggression. Durkin (1985) supports the view that children obtain information on gender roles and racial views from television and model their behaviors based on television characterization. Gerbner describe the process of blurring, blending, and bending that is experienced by individuals with heavy viewing habits. (Griffin, 2011). Heavy television viewers create a common outlook through constant exposure to the same images and labels. In movies, the heroes and the victims are always fair-skinned, whereas the criminals or villains are always black- or dark-skinned. Mastro and Stern (2003) add that races other than whites are under-represented, negatively depicted, and are often targets of mockery. From Larsons theory, the more children watch television programs, the more likely they are to develop and entertain more traditional gender and racial stereotypes based on what they view in the media (Larson, 2002). Waver (2011) analyzes racial related-phenomena in American movies and finds that the race of the actors clearly affects the desires of white audience members to see the films. The higher the percentage of black actors in the movie, the less interested white individuals were in seeing the movie.   Analysis Most Disney movies feature gorgeous princesses, including The Little Mermaid, Snow White, and Rapunzel, who are all depicted as Caucasians. The princess in the film The Princess and the Frog was dark-skinned but her prince was a white man. Most heroes in these movies are all fair-skinned, but the skin tones of the villains are diverse. In the movies, the storylines usually start with a white man who breaks into a new cultural environment, changes the locals points of view and customs, and leads them defeat the bad guy, after which he becomes the hero. Tarzan even became king of the forest. This stereotype exists in numerous American movies. According to the cultivation theory, children may subconsciously develop behavioral stereotypes, although what they view could be biased, distorted or misleading (Oliver, 2001 , Smith, 1994). American cartoon movies also add their own value to foreign cultures, which may adversely affect childrens knowledge of the actual status of other nations. For instance, the song of the Disney movie Aladdin (1992) used inappropriate words to describe the hometown of Aladdin. In the song, the words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦where they cut off your ear if they dont like your face. Its barbaric, but hey, its home offended the Arab Americans, who believed that the lyrics are a misrepresentation of the Arab culture and should be removed. In 1993, the New York Times published a critique of the said movie, which was entitled It is racism, but hey, its Disney. The article pointed out that To characterize an entire region with this sort of tongue-in-cheek bigotry, especially in a movie aimed at children, borders on barbaric (New York Times, 1993). Another Disney movie, Mulan, twisted certain facts of the Chinese culture. In the movie, Mulan was characterized as an independent, liberal woman who suggeste d to that the princesses chase love bravely. Although this is an accepted idea in modern society and could be deemed proper by most people, it is not the real ideology in ancient China; it is not part true history and real tradition. In another animation movie, Pocahontas, the love story was exaggerated and deviated from what actually occurred in history. The contents of some American cartoons are more suited to adults. For instance, the show South Park features sarcasm, dirty words, and improper content that could easily be misunderstood by children. In an episode in the 11th season of the show With Apologies to Jesse Jackson, the word nigger was used 43 times. Although the purpose of this episode was not to humiliate black people, as the episode was in fact highly accepted by blacks, children may misconstrue the purpose of this cartoon and learn a new word that they could abuse. Another Disney movie entitled Song of the South featured a song called Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah, which won the Oscar for Original Score in 1946. However, the movie had racist tendencies when viewed from the criterion of today. The story takes place in the South after the Civil War, and Uncle Remus, a freed slave, tells stories to children and makes them laugh. Adam Clayton Powell Jr. viewed the portrayal of the happy life as a slave with suspicion and posited that it is humiliating to minorities. Disney did not publish the DVD in the United States to avoid eliciting resentment from the public. à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ Griffin (2000) describes the effects that media can have on the audience as being similar to a cue ball. The effect of the cue ball exists regardless of the distance of the cue ball to the other balls. A similar effect can be seen in the posters of most movies, where the characters outlook is already published before the audience even sees the movie. For instance, in the movie Aladdin, the skin tones of Aladdin and Jasmine are fairer than those of the other people in the movie, and Jafars appearance could already give a general impression of his villainy even before the movie is viewed. Fair skin can thus be mistakenly connected to purity and kindness, whereas black or dark skin could be associated with criminality and craftiness. The problem is not limited to movies alone. The audience has its own personal interest, which causes the racial issue in movies to become an infinite loop. According to the study by Weaver in 2011, white people are more inclined to choose movies with white cast members than movies with cast members from other races, thereby decreasing opportunities for white children to see more movies from different aspects, as well as the opportunities for them to change their stereotypes. White audience members that practice selective avoidance if they perceive that a film has a black theme is precisely the concern that black actors such as Will Smith have expressed, especially when it comes to romantic leads in movies (Jones, 2005). Last year, only two of the 30 highest grossing films featured major non-white characters. According to the cultivation theory, when audience members repeatedly view the same scenario from various television shows and movies, they will associate it with the outside world in their mind. Racism is a phenomenon that cannot be completely eliminated, particularly in a country with so many ethnicities, such as the United States. The high rate of positive roles that white people portray indicates the constancy of racism in the future. Conclusion Children from all over the world watch Disney and other American cartoons. Thus, these movies and shows have far-reaching effects. Growing up exposed to many classic and fantastic stories have kept children well entertained and educated, as they come to appreciate the stories being told and the excellent techniques and artwork used in the telling. The positive influences that these movies have on children are undeniably more immense than the negative influences, as they teach children to be independent, tough, and patriotic. Advocating liberty, human rights, and American ideology is necessary for a nation to unite and educate people. However, praising American culture while criticizing others is not respectful. Racism is not a concept that children should learn. We can strengthen their idea of equality by using the cultivation theory, which could result in a decrease in conflicts between races, genders, and other issues. As embodied in the cultivation theory, when television predominates the lives of children, its influence can permeate the behavior, language, thoughts, and actions of children. Moreover, negative messages tend to be received more easily than positive messages. Thus, the effects of media on children should be studied, and possible modifications should be introduced. Recent American cartoons already manifest some changes. For instance, the main character in the movie Megamind has blue skin, and the classic image of the superhero is the one being mocked. An upcoming movie entitled Escape From Planet Earth will feature stories of several blue characters. Guidance from parents is also essential in eliminating or mitigating the influence of cultivation effect on children. A childs knowledge of the world and his ability to tell right from wrong are not yet mature, so parents can help their children understand what is on screen by explaining the contents of television shows to them. The movie rating system should be used worldwide. The cultivation theory also clearly posits that the cultivation effect occurs only after long-term, cumulative exposure to television (Weimann2000). Thus, decreasing the amount of time children spend watching television is also necessary.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave: The Ev

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave: A Perspective on the Evils of Slavery The institution of slavery defies the very nature of humanity, truth, and intellect from both the slave and the slave owner. Throughout the "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave; the terrible relationship between ignorance and suppression is seen time and time again with every one of his owners. Douglass is fortunate in discovering the liberating power of knowledge of which his owners are trying so diligently to conceal. With this discovery comes a "new conception" of just how evil the institution of slavery is, causing Douglass to consider the pursuit of this powerful tool. To further complicate his battle against ignorance, Douglass's pathway to enlightenment and ultimately freedom leads him to discover the many other cruel methods that his suppressors use to break the essential and most important component of humanity, the soul. The practice of turning people into slaves can almost be looked at as evil science that begins its manipulations on what humans are most familiar with from the start, physical suffering. Douglass speaks of this early on and makes known that it is an ever-present tool used by his suppressors. Douglass was lucky not to be whipped very often by his early masters, but mentions that he, like many other young lave children, always suffered from the "hunger and cold" (Lauter 1773). Especially during his early years on Colonel Lloyd's plantation, his narration recalls many accounts of whipping, killing, and torture that he observed and heard of on the plantation. Sadly, he begins to notice and even accept common traits possessed by his overseers. For example, one of... ...rkness" (Lauter 1777). Interestingly, it is the innocent minds of children who are not totally corrupted by these ways of thinking yet, that help Douglass continue his goal to read. The heartless act and "irresponsible power" of holding a slave is an evil practice that contradicts the natural good of a human soul. This Narrative gives one a new perspective on the evils of slavery and the terrible way it affects every one who is involved. The ignorance and physical abuse of the slave is the essential means by which this practice survived for too long. Douglass gives us proof of this in his experiences he endured in overcoming these obstacles and makes us aware of the power that knowledge holds, of both freedom and slavery. Bibliography Lauter, Paul. The Heath Anthology of American Literature Ed III., Vol I, 1998 Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.

Abortion from a Kantian and Utilitarianism Perspective

Population Growth You and me, we aren’t that different. But when we compare ourselves to the 6. 2 billion people in this world or even the 287. 4 million in the United States, we start to become really different. Take all of the high-rises and stack them up and I bet we could go to the moon. Now you tell me that is not over-population. This world is growing with people everyday and it doesn’t stop. Because of the population and its growth our resources are becoming limited. Our garbage production on this planet is atrocious! It all needs to stop right now.If we stop populating this world with more people we would become better off later on. Like I said our natural resources are limited and everyday a lot of them are getting thrown in the trash. These are all things that have to do with population. Everyday we are changing the environment around us, whether it is building roads, houses or any other thing in that matter. In doing so we are taking up space on Earth. Which means that we are running out of room to grow. And pretty soon we will have no room to grow on this planet. In Bangladesh there are 2,405 people per square mile.Hong Kong is virtually made of high-rises that 6. 8 million people live in. The Chinese region of Macaa is 57,369 people per square mile. These numbers are all because we are running out of room to grow, thus we are turning to high-rises. Brazil has a population of 176. 5 million people and eight out of ten people live in towns or cities and it grows 1. 3% each year. 1. 3% is what the world’s average growth rate is. And you think that is bad, look at Africa, which has a growth rate of 2. 4% and of course is the highest in the world.Tokyo, Japan, home of 34 million Japanese, is the largest city in the world. Mexico City, Mexico has 22. 4 million el locos living in it. New York, New York, has 21. 8 million people in its borders and is the 4th largest city. Sao Paulo, Brazil, has 20 million people that I get to go meet a nd it is the 5th largest city. The 8th largest city is Los Angeles, California that is home to 17. 8 million Americans. The 19th largest city is Rio de Janeiro, which is home to 12 million Brazilians who I also get to meet. Number 26 is Chicago, Illinois, home to 9. 7 million Americans.Like I said, this world is growing. In 15,000 BC, 5 million people started hunting and gathering food for themselves. In 5,000 BC there were 66 million people in the world and they could finally settle in one place and farm. And now look at this world! The numbers of humans has never been on the downfall for very long. But the world’s growth rate has been falling at more or less . 1% annually. As you recall, the average growth rate is 1. 3%. In about 40 years from now, more than 50 countries will experience negative growth with a world growth rate at about 0. 34% per year.Like I’ve said, there are some natural resources that are running out. 70% of the Earth is covered in water. Only 25% of water supplies are clean and healthy in Ethiopia. 69% of water we use is for farming. Since 10,000 BC, humans have destroyed half of our world’s forest. Lets face it; mineral resources are finite and should be recycled for future generations. For example, the 287. 4 million Americans use ten times the amount of oil Africa does with 840 million people. Although this is not a renewable resource, it is a natural one we are going to run out of real soon.As common sense kicks in, we realize that the more people there are the more oil we use. Now you can take that fact and apply it to ANY resource. To set it straight, 2,000 years ago there were 250 million people in the world. 1700. 679 million people 1900. 1. 63 billion people 1920. 1. 96 billion people 1950. 2. 52 billion people 1990. 5. 29 billion people in the world. In 1999 the world hit 6 billion people. Today there is about 6. 3 billion and it is growing every day. This is not a good thing. Our environment is being stret ched to its limits and it has to stop. We need to stop it by stopping population growth.

Vision, its malfunctions ; diagnostic methods Essay Example

Vision, its malfunctions ; diagnostic methods Essay Example Vision, its malfunctions ; diagnostic methods Essay Vision, its malfunctions ; diagnostic methods Essay 1.0 Preface This essay is on vision, its malfunctions diagnostics methods. The content included is concordant with the criteria listed on the specification of the institute of biophysics at 2nd Faculty of Charles University in Prague. Additional acknowledgements are mentioned under the reference section. 1.1 Visual acuity and its measurement Visual acuity is the measurement of the ability to discriminate two stimuli separated in space at high contrast relative to the background1; it is a quantitative measure of the ability to identify black symbols on a white background at a standardized distance as the size of the symbols is varied. It happens to be the most common clinical measurement of visual function. Visual acuity is typically measured using optotype chart for close and distant vision (snellen test). The eye which is not under test is occluded by means of instructing the subject to place an obstacle, for example a hand in front of the eye. This prevents intentional peeking, which would adversely affect the validity of the examination results. A variety of charts convenient for the patient are used, particularly in cases where a subject is unable to read the alphabet. In such cases the Tumbling E chart may be used, where the perceived letter, capital E is facing a different direction. Subsequently the subject is then required to determine the direction of the letter. (For further details read on below) 1.2 Basic geometrical defects of the eye optical system and their correction Namely, there are three basic types of defects of the optical system. These are Myopia (nearsightedness), Hyperopia (farsightedness) and Astigmatism (inappropriate path of light rays to the eye). Myopia and hyperopia are termed spherical disorders as both can be corrected with spherical lens. Astigmatism on the other hand is an aspherical disorder as it is corrected with cylindrical lenses1. Myopia influences the ability to see distant objects, in which the object is perceived as blurry. This is because the object is not focused directly on the retina, but in front of it. A clinical explanation for this may be that the eyeball is longer in length or the refractive power of the lens is immensely strong. Correction of this defect is achieved by wearing concave lenses which help to focus the object being viewed onto the retina. Fig 1 Compensating for myopia using a corrective lens. Hyperopia is the opposite of myopia, in which distant vision is intact but problems only arise when viewing things at close proximities. In this case the object being viewed is focused somewhat behind the retina rather than upon it. A clinical explanation for this may be that the eyeball is shorter in length or the refractive power of the lens is too weak. Correction is achieved by wearing convex lenses which focus the object being viewed onto the retina. Fig 2 Restoring of vision with convex lens Astigmatism is a defect of the eye in which light rays are localized at different regions of the retina rather than being localized on a single focal point of the retina. Strictly speaking, there are two forms of astigmatism. The first is a third-order aberration, which occurs for objects (or parts of objects) away from the optical axis. The second form of astigmatism occurs when the optical system is not symmetric about the optical axis. Problems persist when viewing lines placed at differing angles and the lines running in one direction appear sharp, whilst those in other directions appear blurred. Correction is achieved by wearing cylindrical lenses, which are placed in the out-of-focus axis. Fig 3 Showing the faint lines viewed by a person with astigmatism 1.3 Objective subjective methods for measuring eye refractive power Commonly employed methods to assess optical power are among subjective methods, although in the recent years objective strategies (e.g. nerve fiber analyzers) have been implemented which, however do not rely on patient responses. Optical power is adversely affected by glaucoma, a major risk factor for vision loss, caused by the loss of retinal ganglion cells. Fiber analyzers are used to measure physical thickness of nerve fibers in the retina. As fiber layer thickness is a measure of glaucoma progression, thin thickness concludes the onset of glaucoma and thus impaired vision. Subjective methods include the Snellen Chart Test, in which the optotype is placed twenty feet (6 meters) away from the subject. Some individuals may well wear spectacles in which case the examination is performed with the subject wearing them. The eye which is adversely impaired out of the two is examined first. Usually the examination commences by using large optotypes followed by the smaller ones. The subject is then prompted to recite the letters (or symbols) visible to them. This procedure is then repeated for the other eye. Normally read at 60 metres. Normally read at 36 metres. Normally read at 18 metres. Normally read at 12 metres. Normally read at 9 metres. Normally read at 6 metres. Normally read at 5 metres. Normally read at 4 metres. Fig 4 Showing distances at which letters can be read The results from the snellen test are processed and denoted as fractions. For example 6/18 means that the third line down can be read from 6 meters away; 6/6 or 6/5 is considered to be normal distance vision. If no lines can be read from 6 meters then shorter distances are tried. For example, 3/36 means that the second line can be read from a distance of 3 meters away; 2/60 means that the top line can be read from 2 meters away1 (If the top letter cannot be read even with prescription lens or glasses then the subject is considered to be legally blind). Alternatively a Lea test aimed at pre-school children may be used. In this case the optotypes denote an edible fruit (e.g. an apple). The Tumbling E chart (see visual acuity and its measurement) may also be used. In both cases the same principle applies as with the Snellen test. Indirect subjective methods to access optical power include intraocular pressure (see below). 1.4 Intraocular Pressure its measurements As the name suggests, intraocular pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid inside the eye. Fluid secretion may be triggered by genetic factors, side effects of medication, the inflammation of the eye or simply, during exercise. Normal intraocular pressure lies between 10 mmHg and 21 mmHg. In spite of the optic nerve and visual field being intact, when the intraocular pressure is greater than normal, the condition is termed Ocular Hypertension. Ocular Hypertension is usually correlated with the increased incidence of glaucoma. When the intraocular pressure falls below the critical value (5 mmHg) the condition is termed Ocular Hypotony. Intraocular pressure is typically measured by using a tonometer. Often eye drops are given to alleviate any pain. The procedure involves applying a dye (florescein) to the eye. This eases the examiners ability to see the cornea. The subject is then asked to stare at a bright-lighted slit lamp. The tonometer probe is then made to touch the eye and subsequently the examiner notes down the tension dial which measures the intraocular pressure. 1.5 Color perception and its malfunctions The trichromatic theory proposed by Young 1802, claims that any colour can be produced by a mixture of red, green and blue light. This infers that there only needs to be three types of cones red (erythrolabes), blue (cyanolabes) and green (chlorolabes), with each maximally sensitive to one type of color. The cones respond to different degrees when exposed to light, with the brain synthesising this information to produce all other colors1. Malfunctions of color perception include monochromacy, dichromacy, anomalous trichromacy and achromatopsia Monochromacy, caused by the absence of two of the three cones, is the inability to distinguish between colors. Thus color vision is reduced to one dimension. There are two forms, rod and cone monochromacy respectively. Rod monochromacy, associated with light sensitivity (photophobia) is the absence or malfunction of the retinal cones. As a result the ability to distinguish colors is impaired. Cone monochromacy refers to color blindness which is accompanied by relatively normal vision. Dichromacy constitutes the absence or malfunctioning of one of the three cones, thus limiting vision to two dimensions. It may be passed on to the offspring genetically (i.e. sex linked), in particular having a predilection in the male population. As with monochromacy, this defect comprises two forms, protanopia (a congenital sex linked color vision defect caused by the absence of the red retinal photoreceptors) and deuteranopia (red-green color blindness resulting from the loss of function of medium wavelength cones or M-cones) Anomalous trichromacy is a congenital color vision deficiency, referring to the relatively low quantity of one of the three types of cone photo-pigments. The condition is thought to occur when one of the three cone pigments are altered, but trichromacy or normal three dimensional color vision is not fully impaired. Achromatopsia is congenital or inherited deficiency of color perception. It is caused by the absence of cone cells or severe defect in those initially present. Individuals with this condition typically perceive the world as being gray, black and white2. 1.6 Binocular 3D Vision Binocular vision yields a wider scope of vision. Most objects in our visual world have texture. The acquisition of two eyes (binocular vision) as oppose to one (monocular vision) makes the grain of texture appear finer as we move from one region to another. This gives binocular summation, in which the ability to detect faint objects is enhanced. The perception of depth is the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions1. Binocular disparity arises as each eye has a slightly different perspective of the object being viewed2. Therefore the closer the object, the more disparate the image. Thus binocular disparity is used as a binocular depth cue. Other binocular depth cues include stereopsist (the process in visual perception leading to perception of the depth or distance of objects)3 and binocular convergence (the simultaneous inward movement of both eyes toward each other, usually in an effort to maintain single binocular vision when viewing an object) 4. Because of binocular disparity, light entering one eye can alter papillary diameter in the other closed eye upon opening. It may also affect the process of accommodation (focusing of the eye) as the accommodation of the closed eye, upon opening, will inevitably be equal to that of the first eye. Fig 5 3D processing of the brain The picture on the previous page contains two images of a chair, one red and one blue, from two slightly different angles. When wearing two different lenses, one lens will filter out the blue color and the other the red color. The result is each eye is only receiving one of the two images on the page. Just as if you were looking at a real chair from two different angles, the brain forms these images into one three-dimensional image (hence the term binocular 3D vision arises). 1.7 Devices for night vision Night vision devices are best appreciated by deciding what you intend to use them for. Of the numerous devices available, night glasses are typical preferred amongst others, possibly because of their primitive outlook. Their large lenses can accumulate light and subsequently project it through the exit pupil of 7nm or more, and into the individuals eye, thus enhancing vision in hours of darkness. Thermal vision is a fairly modern exploitation of science in which a device (e.g. security camera equipment) constructs an image in response to microwaves or sound waves, which are transmitted from the source. Thermal vision devices are generally not considered to be night vision devices as they construct images with mechanisms substantially different from the methods used to sense visible light. Amplification of visible light from an image can be achieved by making use of an image intensifier. This allows the image to be viewed by the naked eye.