Foreign Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Outside Relations - Essay Example The September 2001 psychological oppressor assault in the United States spurred the definition of new procedures. Such systems moved the United States to assault Iraq, drawing support from its European partners. Louise Fawcett and Raymond Hinnebusch are two of the experts who have tried to characterize how the Iraq war re-imagined the worldwide political field and the positions held by specific states in the worldwide society. Obviously, the war caused a move in the comprehension of outside relations patterns. Be that as it may, these two examiners express contending points of view on the move on the worldwide outside relations. This paper will address the contending viewpoints. Hinnebusch considers the impacts of the Iraq war, expressing that the littler states were under a flooding danger as a result of the war. After the September 2001 assault, the United States elevated its reconnaissance and carefulness framework. Such uplifted frameworks gave a convenient uncover that Iraq had become a developing center point of atomic weapons that tested worldwide security. The United States made the transition to take up arms against Iraq, in an offer to destabilize it, and wipe out the danger it was presenting to the worldwide cultural government assistance. Obviously, political and security patterns are a portion of the basic issues that decide the bearing taken by social plans. True to form, the United States got support from Europe, explicitly from nearest partner in the locale, United Kingdom. As indicated by Hinnebusch, such help filled in as a limitation for the rise of some type of requirements to the advancement of the war in 2003. In his contention, he makes it clear that the United States was an authority that settled on all the basic choices deciding the bearing of the war (Hinnebusch 453). After the assault, Bush sets new techniques that would characterize the war on fear. The clear situation of America on a worldwide front constrains it to demonstrate prof oundly conclusive in delicate issues, for example, the rising fear. America concluded that it would draw in the Iraq on account of the danger it presented. Hinnebusch contends that the various states just needed to pick their stand contingent upon their relationship with the United States and the Middle East. The United Kingdom and japan abused the chance for their potential benefit, a factor that changed the patterns taken by remote relations between these nations and the United States. In any case, littler states had restricted decision since they confronted the best danger. The war influenced various divisions of the worldwide business front that thusly influenced social orders legitimately. The United States sought after close to home interests, particularly those custom fitted to advance its authority in the worldwide economy. As indicated by this pundit, a few nations opposed the sentiment communicated by their publics and affirmed their help for the US in light of the apparen t advantages (Hinnebusch 457). The creator depicts how the authority steadiness request characterizes the procedures utilized by America to keep winning unequivocally. He further depicts the worldwide realm that America makes, that would serve to impediment the third world states on account of the weight it applies on worldwide monetary and political situations. Then again, Fawcett investigates a similar issue, revealing new insight into the impacts of the Iraq war. As per him, may of the destinations of the war as never appeared notwithstanding the view of the United States (Fawcett 328). Going about as a worldwide authority, the United States

Analyzing the expected profits of two firms Assignment

Examining the normal benefits of two firms - Assignment Example Through outline, when the two organizations choose in applying this methodology their balance will be In this situation, King Company and Babil Company both have a predominant alternative of promoting. Regardless of what Babil does, King Company will improve his advancement by publicizing and the other way around. In any case, something odd about the game it appears that the two organizations will profit more when they decide not to promote. Rather than one increasing 300 and the other losing 80 and the other way around, they could win 150 each. Subsequently, the objective decision of shared not promoting has a reckless flavor that is confusing. In game hypothesis idea the ideal result of the two firms is the place no firm has impetuses in going amiss from the set commercial techniques after the decision of the adversary is thought of. By and large, no firm can get a gradual advantage of changing activities, accepting the organizations stay comparable in the procedures. The Nash harmony will exists when no firm change their notice technique, notwithstanding understanding the rivals methodology. Consistently the two organizations decide not to promote and get result of 150. In the event that an individual uncovers the system of King to Babil and the other way around, no firm will veer off from not publicizing. Knowing the move of King, and don't change the conduct of the Babil, the result of the two organizations not publicizing speak to the Nash

Describe The Four Types Of Solid Structures Environmental Sciences Essay

Depict The Four Types Of Solid Structures Environmental Sciences Essay There are three types of substances exist: fluid, strong and gas in which strong is one of the significant condition of issue. The strong structure bonds the particles together by various substance physical fascination. Substance bonds are the consequence of collaborations of electrons by different powers of fascination. This fascination can hold particles together in a steady game plan. Particles may move or offer iotas to frame atoms and mixes. At the point when particles bond together by substance bonds, they will turn out to be increasingly steady. Various sorts of compound bonds decide solids properties, for example, dissolving point, conductivity and solvency (Lister and Renshaw, 2000). Electron moving structure ionic bonds while electron sharing and joining atoms structure covalent bonds. Linus Pauling thought of a scale, an incentive for every component called the electronegativity (E.N.) esteem. Every component has distinctive want needing, capacity to draw in electrons. The solid electron attractions were given high qualities and a few molecules have low capacity to draw in were given a low worth. These qualities are relative-correlation esteems and have no units. The estimation of contrast electronegativity between two molecules under 1.8 are characterized as covalent bonds while the estimation of distinction electronegativity between two iotas more than 2.0 are characterized as ionic bonds. This exposition will depict four sorts of strong structures: ionic and metallic which contains of unit cell, mammoth covalent which is held by system and basic sub-atomic which are little particles with powerless powers of fascination. Ionic Structure Most importantly, ionic holding usually exists in precious stone strong structures. Ionic holding electrons are moved from mental molecules to non-metal iotas which bring about every particle getting a full external shell of electrons to get steady. Generally, metals structure cation by losing valence electrons while non-metals structure anions by picking up valence electrons. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a notable ionic compound. Sodium loses one electron from its external shell while the chlorine increases one electron to fill its external most shell. At the point when sodium (Na+) particles bond with chloride (Cl-) particles they structure normal table salt, sodium chloride (NaCl) (Lister and Renshaw, 2000). Also, Sodium chloride (NaCl) is comprised of mammoth cross section of particles. There are a lot of sodium particles and chloride particles pressed together which relies upon how enormous the precious stone is. Figure 1 (Adapted Steinberg, 2000) shows how does a touch of sodium chloride cross section organized. Figure 1: Ionic Bonding in Sodium Chloride (Adapted from Steinberg, 2000) Every sodium particle is at a middle encircled by 6 chloride anions. Every chloride particle is additionally in the middle, it is likewise encircled by 6 sodium cations. So sodium chloride is depicted 6 co-ordinated. The example along these lines will be rehashed on many occasions in sodium chloride gem and guarantee the most extreme security in sodium chloride. Since when every particle is moved by 6 inverse charged particles, there is more fascination between the particles which makes the structure progressively steady (Clark, 2010). Figure 2 (Adapted from Clark, 2010) shows unmistakably the unit cell of sodium chloride. Figure 2: Unit Cell of Sodium Chloride (Adapted from Clark, 2010) Usually, the molecules organize in a normal way, yet once in a while this isn't the situation. Every single metal molecule comprise of a great deal of gem grains which are locales of normality. At grains limits particles become inconformity. There are different properties in ionic mixes. Right off the bat, ionic mixes have a high softening point and breaking point. There are solid attractions between the positive and negative particles which take a great deal of vitality to conquer them. Furthermore, one of the primary properties of ionic mixes is they direct power when liquid, since when the compound is in the fluid express, the particles can convey the charge uninhibitedly. Ionic mixes are fragile which coming about because of an applied pressure. The particles will be moved adequately to reach between particles. Particles of the equivalent charged are carried one next to the other prompting aversion powers inside the gem. Numerous ionic mixes break up in the water. Water atoms have unbonded electrons, called solitary sets. They draw in positive particles and negative particles in the mixes structure dative bonds and polar water structures electrostatic attractions between the particles. Water atoms additionally produc e vitality by hydration to separate the cross section and lessen their fascination (Clark, 2010). Covalent bonds Molecules sharing electrons structure covalent bonds which the electronegativity distinction between two iotas are under 1.8. Monster Covalent Structure In mammoth covalent structures, all iotas are fortified together by covalent bonds which legitimately have an effect on explicit particles in a standard broadened organize. The electrostatics powers hold different structures together to act similarly every which way. Jewel is best case of goliath covalent structure (Lister and Renshaw, 2000). Precious stone has a tetrahedral shape in three-measurements, with four covalent bonds from every carbon particle. As per VSEPR hypothesis which can clarify the degrees of aversion between concoction bonds (Lane, 2009), to diminish the shock four sets of covalent bonds structure and covalent bonds repulse each other similarly. There are no intermolecular powers of fascination just, between the carbon particles. Figure 4 (Adapted from Chemcases, 2010) shows the structure of jewel Figure 4 shows the structure of precious stone (Adapted from Chemcases, 2010). Precious stone is notable as the hardness characteristic substance, and results from four in number covalent bonds giving jewel a solid inflexible broadened and constant structure, so jewel simply can be cut by other precious stone. Moreover, precious stone has an extremely high liquefying purpose of around 4000K, in light of the fact that to separate the four in number covalent securities requires a ton of vitality. Next, the electrons which are held firmly are not allowed to move, bringing about the precious stone having neither direct power nor heat. Finally, precious stone is insoluble in water in light of the fact that the covalent bonds are a lot more grounded than the fascination of water atoms (Clark, 2000). Basic Molecular Structure The basic sub-atomic substances are non-metal mixes which are comprised of molecules by solid covalently bond and moderately frail intermolecular powers. Water is taken as a run of the mill kind of the basic atomic structure (Lower, 2010). In water, every hydrogen iota is bound to the focal oxygen particle by a couple of sharing electrons. Oxygen has four free electrons in its external second level to shape two solitary sets to decrease the aversions between billows of negative charge, leaving two of the external electrons imparted to hydrogen to frame covalent bonds. This standard prompts a tetrahedral structure in which the edge between electron sets is 104.5â °. Furthermore, water particles structures hydrogen holding. Oxygen likes electrons more than hydrogen and electrons invest more energy close to the oxygen, bringing about oxygen is part negative charge while the hydrogen is certain charge. Electrons are appropriated prompting water structure a negative structure of hydrogen bonds. Dipole-dipole attractions happen between two water atoms, because of its polar nature (Lane, 2009). Figure 5 (Adapted from Google, 2010) shows the structure of water particle. Figure 5: Hydrogen Bonding Between Water Molecules (Adapted from Google, 2010) As the frail powers exist in straightforward sub-atomic substances, they are not extremely thick or solid nor strong bringing about it having a low dissolving point and breaking point. Straightforward atomic substances can without much of a stretch become gas or fluid. There are no particles existing in these substances, so they are insoluble in the water and can not lead power (Lower, 2010). Metallic Structure Metals are mammoth structures which hold the particles together by metallic holding moving the electrons. All components of metal can without much of a stretch lose electrons framing positive particles which are in an openly moving ocean and electrons. What number of electrons have been lost by each metal decide the quantity of electrons in the ocean (Lister and Renshaw, 2000). Most particles in metals pack as close as possible. In any case, sodium in Group one is increasingly open and less thick and structures a unit called the body-focused cubic (BCC) structure which is a typical pressing geometry for certain metals. This structure is definitely not a nearby stuffed course of action, only 68% of the space being filled (Lister and Renshaw, 2000). There is a molecule situated in the focal point of a 3D square which is encircled by eight different circles. Figure 3 (Adapted from Clark, 2007) shows the structure of sodium: a coordination of eight and a unit cell containing two iotas. Figure 3: The Structure of Sodium (Adapted from Clark, 2007) There are a few properties about metals. The greater part of metals will in general have a high liquefying point and breaking point because of the quality of the metallic holding. The quality of metallic holding isn't just not quite the same as metal to metal, yet in addition relies upon the quantity of electrons which every molecule can delocalise in the ocean of electrons and by the pressing. Change metals have a high liquefying point and breaking point since they structure a unit called hexagonal close pressing. Gathering one, for example, Sodium is a special case and has a low liquefying point and breaking point, since it just has one electron to add to the bond and it is 8 co-ordinated which can not frame sufficient bonds as different metals. Besides, metals are acceptable channels of power. The electrons in the ocean are allowed to move all through the structure even cross the grain limits. The metallic holding despite everything exists as long as iotas are contacting one anoth er. Likewise, these electrons are additionally liable for the high warm conductivities of metals. Electrons of the metals can get heat vitality which is moved to the remainder of metal by moving electrons (Clark, 2007). All in all, electrons are moved framing ionic holding in ionic

Getting Started With Your First Formative Document

Getting Started With Your First Formative DocumentStudents frequently ask whether it is necessary to include a thesis statement in their first formative educational documents, like an Informational Essay, Elementary Education essay, or College Scholarship Essay. The short answer is, it really depends. This may seem a paradox, but the answer is that your thesis statement doesn't have to be nearly as complex or convoluted as one that may accompany an Informational Essay or College Scholarship Essay.First, it is important to make the distinction between a thesis statement and a quotation. A thesis statement is meant to be your exact presentation of your argument.A thesis statement is generally designed to start the reader off and explain your argument in general terms and to get him or her engaged in the conversation. In some cases, this type of statement can act as a prelude to a more involved statement. If you want to include a thesis statement in your first formative educational docu ment, though, it should do so in a simple and direct manner.A thesis statement should not try to be more than this. It should be clearly stated in your first formative educational document and should not try to address any particular points that you would like to raise in future forms. As far as you are concerned, you are only dealing with one simple and direct issue. If you try to expand your scope of discussion in your first formative document, you will have to revisit your statement at the end of the semester or for a special occasion.A thesis statement should never attempt to be as descriptive or detailed as a quotation would be. By trying to be more general than necessary, you open the door to some rather messy and even rambling forms of argumentation that have nothing to do with your thesis topic. A statement is only as strong as its weakest and most superficial points.If your thesis statement is not long enough to be quoted, you may have to cut it down to a brief text that ca n serve the purpose of short summaries of your arguments. This could work for many problems, but if the student is not sure what his or her thesis statement should be, you will not want to cut it down too much, even if it is a brief statement.Regardless of how you prepare your thesis statement, it is important to note that the purpose of a thesis statement is to get the student engaged in the discussion that you have started. If you use too many words and too many points, the student may get bored, frustrated, or even angry with you. The most effective approach is to find a balance between wanting to explain and talking about the issue, so that the student doesn't lose interest.

About A Censorship - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1575 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/31 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Censorship Essay Did you like this example? With more than 336 million monthly active users worldwide as of the first quarter of 2018, Twitter is one of the biggest social networks worldwide (statista 1). With that many user accounts on twitter, it goes to show how powerful social media platforms have become. Many times, when content is posted online, the words, ideas, music, images, etc. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "About A Censorship" essay for you Create order can be taken out of context and if enough attention is given to it, then it is censored. Content censorship occurs regularly and can range in form from pornogrophy to political views. There are many different types of censorship, such as: corporate, moral, political, and religious censorship, but have something in common is that they all get censored when something hateful has been said. That is called censorship of speech. In todayrs world, it is safe to say that majority of people get their news through one of the following social media platforms: Twitter, Facebook, Youtube and Instagram. With that being said, social media plays a big part into censorship because nothing spreads faster than something trending on social media, and if an unfavored content goes viral then it may be considered to be taken down/censored or they may get the account banned. Arguing for the protection of hate speech for example is difficult and sounds unpleasant. The internet and social media were des igned to be open platforms, where people can express ideas and acquire knowledge from others freely in a public forum. An open dialogue of speech an of ideas, however controversial, needs to happen, because conversations are our primary way of resolving conflicts and gaining new knowledge. When hearing the term hate speech, the most type of content that comes to mind is racism. So what is hate speech exactly? There is no clear agreeable definition of Hate speech as everyone hears things differently. According to Meriam-Webster, the legal definition of hate speech is: speech that is intended to insult, offend, or intimidate a person because of some trait (as race, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, or disability). One would think the definition is clear enough, but the definition is similar to the saying beauty is in the eye of the beholder, but instead it is more like hate speech is in the EAR of the beholder. Just as everyone observes what they see differently, they also perceive what they hear differently. In the U.S.A, there is the first amendment which is: the freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly and petition. The first amendment states, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise th ereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances (Constitutioncenter.org 1). The First Amendment does not protect individuals against private companies/organizations, such as private employers, private colleges, or private social media platforms. The First Amendment shackles only the government. The Supreme Court are the ones who interpret all the amendments and have stated that: talking, writing, radio-broadcasting, and using the Internet, are forms of speech. Although, free speech also applies to figurative expression such as: displaying swastica signs, and burning flags and crosses. The first amendment protects hate speech as long as it does not directly imminent violence. Speech, whether it be said on TV or tweeted online, can not be punished because of its hateful content. Arguing for the protection of hate speech for example is difficult and sounds unpleasant. Those that do argue for in favor of such positions, do not argue for hate speech, but rather for the right to Freedom of Speech in all platforms. No one argues for the protection of Freedom of speech than Nadine Strossen, a Professor of Constitutional Law at New York Law School and was the first women national President of the American Civil Liberties Union from 1991 through 2008. In her book Hate: Why we should resist it with Free Speech, not censorship, she strongly argues that censorship is not the answer to hate speech. In her book she quotes the cure is worse than the disease; the ?disease being hate speech and the ?cure being censorship. (insert personal idea here). Throughout her book, she provides many examples of what has been labeled hate speech including modern day themes such as the Black Lives Matter movement. She discusses the BLM movement and describes how people affiliate d with the movement have been targeted as perpetrators of hate speech against law enforcement and have therefore been blamed for countless murders of police officers that were argued to occur as a direct result of BLM rhetoric. In total contrast to the BLM movement, neo-nazis and white nationalist groups have been equally accused of their own hate speech directed at, usually, non-white minority groups and for whatever reason, ?The Jews. Both opposing sides see things differently and point the finger at each other seemingly unaware of their own hypocrisy. Although Nadine does not touch the subject on hate speech censorship on social media, it is important to recall how individuals are not protected by the first amendment from private social media platforms. (insert twitter censor policy).With that being said, it is still important to protect the principle. P4: (Talk about legal court cases that won and lost hate speech and their importance) The Skokie case is a well known classic free speech case that took place on March 20, 1977. Frank Collin, the leader of the National Socialist (Nazi) Party of America, informed Skokies police chief that they intended to march on the villages sidewalk on May 1. Skokie is the name of the village in Illinois. At that time its population consisted about 70,000 citizens, 40,000 of whom were Jewish. When news spread throughout the media, that the Nazis wanted to have a march in Skokie, there was an outrage. The villagers wanted to prohibit the march. This turned in the National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie. The village of skokie presented 3 reasons to the Illinois Supreme court; First, the display of the swastika promoted hatred against persons of Jewish faith or ancestry and that speech that promotes racial or religious hatred is unprotected by the First Amendment, second, the v illage argued that the purpose of the marches was to inflict emotional harm on the Jewish residents of Skokie and third, the village argued that if the Nazis were permitted to march there would be uncontrollable violence (Stone, Geoffrey R. 2). It is important to remember that we fight for the principle, which is freedom of speech. In contrast to the ?fight bad speech with more speech attitude of Nadine Strossen, many individuals such as, Barry Jason Mauer, an associate professor in the University of Central Florida Department of English, claim that hate speech is a form of anti-speech and therefore beyond the confines of dialogue. Others have said that they have felt physically threatened by hate speech and emotionally disturbed. Majority of the world has an account with Twitter, which one of the biggest social media platforms worldwide. Every second, on average, around 6,000 tweets are tweeted on Twitter (visualize them here), which corresponds to over 350,000 tweets sent per minute, 500 million tweets per day and around 200 billion tweets per year (internetlivestats.com). With so many tweets being written each each, it is no wonder why so many individuals have also experienced psychic trauma, and have felt silenced, because of hate speech content that has been posted online or heard through TV. In B arry Jason Mauer article, Censorship Is Not All Bad, published in the Huffington-Post, Mauer starts out his article with, Free-speech idealists argue that the solution to bad speech (misinformation, lies, abusive language, etc.) is not censorship but more speech. But bad speech can, and often does, drown out the good. Mayer states that fighting free speech with more speech is not the answer as their are misused forms of speech, to which, is true. These are all serious concerns, to which many individuals have suffered with first hand and have been exposed to hate speech that is and will not be punishable. Although we acknowledge those harms, loosening up the constraints on government to allow it to punish speech because of those less tangible, more speculative, more indirect harms † that censorial power will do more harm that good, precisely because the pendulum can swing. P6: (Include personal research) I wonder if other people feel the same about censorship. I ducted my own personal research to get a sense of how people feel about censorship right now. I created a poll on my Instagram account asking, should hate speech be censored? I had also asked a friend, who has a set of different followers, to post the same question to eliminate a bias result. In total, there were 82 people who voted; 34% voted yes (28) and 65% voted no (54). Although, I did receive a few comments following with their vote. All of the comments revolves around the same content, I am for censorship, but . I felt those who messaged me felt some kind of guilt for voting no on censoring hate speech and had to justify why they voted no. P7: (conclusion)Hate speech does not translate into actual high crimes against those who the hate speech is directed to. If censoring hate speech is taken away, then someoners right to freedom of speech is taken away. The(bring it back to your thesis and discuss why this is important to uphold)

The City Of God By John Milbank - 869 Words

After Augustine completed his literary piece known as the City of God, serious debate ensued regarding the correct interpretation of the concepts addressed in his writing. Augustine highlighted two realms, that of the earthly state known as the secular realm and the heavenly state known as the City of God. For instance, Etienne Gilson believed that Augustine was expressing the greatness of the earthly state while simultaneously explaining that the state bettered Christianity. Other philosophers such as Robert Markus interpreted Augustine’s writing as being supportive of the secular realm and claimed it to be independent from religion. Opposing both of these philosophers were James Schall and John Milbank. Their belief explained the political state to be sinful and evil. Analysis of all three positions ultimately revealed the ideas of Schall and Milbank to hold a deeper understanding of the truth than those of Markus and Gilson. In the City of God, Augustine repeatedly explaine d how the earthly state and the City of God were opposites which contradicted Etienne Gilson’s thoughts. He began by comparing and contrasting who the people of the earthly and heavenly states worshipped. People of the earthly state worshipped the Roman Empire’s gods while people of the heavenly state revered the one, true God. Here Augustine proclaimed, â€Å"For, so far as concerns themselves, their piety and probity, which are gifts of God, suffice to give them true felicity, enabling them to live wellShow MoreRelatedThe Church: An Analysis of The Rerum Novarum Publication1898 Words   |  8 Pagesthe encyclical one hundred years later, to analyse the development of policy in1891 and 1991 in terms of the church’s teaching, within the context of the wider social and political movements of the late twentieth century. I will determine that whilst John Paul II used the centenary in 1991 to publish Centesimus Annus and see it as a ‘re-wording’ of the original, it ultimately failed to take forward the radical change envisaged in Rerum Novarum, with limited exceptions. Firstly we need to analyse theRead More Art, Literature And Society From 1955-1970 Essay examples5829 Words   |  24 Pagesbeing that all suffering can be repressed. Although the only way to repress life’s suffering, aside from maintaining constant and intense meditation, was to return to the blissful void of death (Hipkiss, p.65). In the quot;113th Chorusquot; of Mexico City Blues is a perfect explanation of this blissful void. Since only two lines address life(quot;Got up and dressed up, and went out amp; got laidquot;), it is clear that Kerouac’s emphasis is on the hereafter. It is only after everything has endedRead MoreCorrectional Administration Reviewer18383 Words   |  74 Pagesshall not be imposed, nor be cruel and unusual punishment inflicted. ï  ½ ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF PENALTIES OR PUNISHMENTS Natural Law. This originated from God (natural law) to enforce the law that laid down in His infinite wisdom and power. He also prescribed the penalty or punishment. Banishment/ distierro. The first penalty or punishment prescribed by God to Adam and Eve when they disobey His order which made them as the first criminals. Retribution/ Personal vengeance/ Revenge. The most common ancientRead MoreThe Rise of China and Future of the West17670 Words   |  71 PagesLiberal System Survive? By G. John Ikenberry January/February 2008 Summary:   Chinas rise will inevitably bring the United States unipolar moment to an end. But that does not necessarily mean a violent power struggle or the overthrow of the Western system. The U.S.-led international order can remain dominant even while integrating a more powerful China -- but only if Washington sets about strengthening that liberal order now. G. JOHN IKENBERRY is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International

A Case Study on Cheat Sheet to Pregnancy Hormones

Question: Describe about the A Cheat Sheet to Pregnancy Hormones? Answer: Source of Hormone Hormone Functions Level during Pregnancy Placenta HCG or Human Chorionic Gonadotropin For maintenance of the corpus leteums progesterone secretion for promotion of endometrium and prevention of menstruation until placenta becomes mature enough to sustain indigenous progesterone. The level of HCG start increasing eight days post evolution and tend to peak around 60 to 80 days after conception Corpus Leutem till 10 weeks and then placenta Progesterone It enables relaxation of uterus muscles, enhance acceptance to foetus During the first 3 months, there is exponential increase in levels after which it plateaus Corpus Leutem initially and then placenta Estrogen It plays a critical role in the development of foetus by stimulating the production of hormones in the adrenal gland of the foetus and thereby enable its normal development During the first 3 months, there is exponential increase in levels after which it plateaus Hypothalamus Oxytocin Plays a crucial role in the simulation of contractions of uterus at the time of delivery along with simulation of milk production Exponential increase till week 10 after which it witnesses a decline Hypothalamus Prolactin It plays a crucial role in preparing the breast for lactation and subsequent milk releasing The level tends to increase during the pregnancy and reach a level nearly 10-20 times of normal levels Placenta Relaxin Plays a crucial role in delivering by allowing relaxation of uterine muscles and ligaments of pelvic bones The level tends to increase during the pregnancy and reaches a level nearly 10 times of normal levels The male reproductive hormones are summarised in the table below (Starr McMillan, 2014). Source of Hormone Hormone Functions Hypothalamus GnRH Stimulating the FSH and LH secretion Pituitary Gland FSH It leads to sperm maturation Pituitary Gland LH Stimulates the secretion of testosterone and production of androgen by testes Testes (Laydig Cells) Testosterone Responsible for stimulating sex drive Pituitary Gland Inhibin Feedback to slowdown the release of FSH and LH The female reproductive hormones are summarised in the table below (Starr McMillan, 2014). Source of Hormone Hormone Functions Hypothalamus Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Stimulating the FSH and LH secretion Pituatary Gland Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH It triggers the development of ovarian follicle and is responsible for controlling ovum production Pituatary Gland Leutenizing hormone(LH) Stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen and progesterone along with promotion of corpus leteum development Ovaries Oestrogen Responsible for maturation and release of ovum in every menstrual cycle Ovary (Corpus Leteum) Progesterone Preparation of the uterus lining for reception and development of fertilised ovum Reference Hochwald, L. nd, A Cheat Sheet to Pregnancy Hormones, Parents Website, Available online from https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/my-life/emotions/understanding-pregnancy-hormones/ (Accessed on November 28, 2015)Starr, C McMillan, B 2014, Human Biology, 10th edn, Cengage Learning, Belmonte